Unit 7

Question 1

adaptation

artificial selection/selective breeding

gene pool

Answer 1

any inherited characteristics that increases an organism’s chance of survival

nature made variations and humans select the most useful variations; to amplify desired traits

all genes including all the different alleles that are present in a population

Question 2

polygenic traits

trait

mutation

Answer 2

traits controlled by 2 or more genes -> many genotypes and phenotypes

a specific characteristic of an individual

a change in the genetic code

Question 3

variant

limiting factor

biotic

abiotic

Answer 3

a version of an individual that differs from other forms of the same thing; any change in the DNA sequence of a cell

anything that limits the size of a population or stops it from growing

any living thing in an environment

any non living thing in an environment

Question 4

natural selection

niche

phenotype

genotype

Answer 4

the process by which random evolutionary changes are selected for by nature in a consistent, orderly, non-random way

an organisms “job description”

the expressed trait/appearance

the allele combination. ex: Aa aa

Question 5

selection pressures

morphology

ecomorph

Answer 5

an environmental factor which may reduce reproductive success in a population and contributes to evolutionary changes

study of the form of living things/ body characteristics

A group of classified according to their body characteristics and their ecological niches; appearance is determined by ecological environment

Question 6

Adaptive radiation

Coevolution

Convergent evolution

Answer 6

the process by which a single species evolves in several different forms that live in different ways

2 species evolve together; they respond to changes in one another, predator/prey

unrelated organisms appear to resemble one another due to living in similar environments

Question 7

Taxonomy

Cladogram

Answer 7

classifying organisms; organizes by similar characteristics

a diagram that represents a hypothetical relationship between groups of organisms, including their common ancestors, branching diagram

Question 8

Speciation is _____________. __________ must occur for this to happen. The _______ are no longer able to reproduce.

Answer 8

the formation of new species, reproductive isolation, gene pools

Question 9

speciation
extinction
gradualism
punctuated equilibrium
divergent evolution
convergent evolution
coevolution

these are?

Answer 9

patterns of evolution observable in nature

Question 10

Extinction is _________. gradual = _______-__ and mass =_________

Answer 10

elimination of species, occurs at a slow rate, catastrophic event suddenly

Question 11

Gradualism is _____________ whereas punctuated equilibrium is _____________.

Answer 11

slow, constant changes over a long period of time, bursts of change followed by periods of stability

Question 12

Adaptive radiation = _________, but it is _________ and ___________

Answer 12

divergent evolution, small scale, shorter period of time

Question 13

What are the 3 main domains?

Answer 13

eubacteria - prokaryotes “true bacteria”

archaebacteria - prokaryotes in extreme environments

eukarya - eukaryotes

Question 14

What are the taxonomy groups?

Answer 14

domain
kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species

Question 15

phylogeny = _________. 3.5 BYA the 1st _________. 2.1 BYA the 1st ________ evolved through ___________ which is __________. Endosymbiotic Theory = ___________.

Answer 15

evolutionary history of a species, prokaryote, eukaryote, endosymbiosis, one prokaryote ended up inside of another and both organisms thrived, over time, coevolution of 2 prokaryotes occurred and led to speciation of the 1st eukaryotes

Question 16

A phylogenic tree is ____________. They are based on ________. The —- are based on ______, ______, and ______.

Answer 16

a diagram used to predict evolutionary relationships, hypothesis, morphology, genes, behaviors

Question 17

taxa = _______. phylogenic trees classify groups of species using _________. From a tree we can learn: most closely related, least closely related, and diverged first. _________ are the result of divergent evolution.

Answer 17

groups, homologous features, heritable traits

Question 18

look at notes of a phylogenic tree.

Answer 18

look

Question 19

Genetic variation comes from __________, __________, and _______. The main source is mutations.

Answer 19

mutations, genetic recombination in MEIOSIS, migration (gene flow)

Question 20

What are the four factors of evolution, evolution primarily results from 4 factors which are?

Answer 20

1. the potential for a species to increase in number
2. the heritable genetic variation of individuals
3. competition for limited resources
4. the proliferation of those organisms that are better able to survive and produce in the environment

Question 21

Two types of evolution are __________ and _________. ________ serves as the mechanism for how evolution occurs. fitness is _________. Natural selection has 4 principles: ________, ________, _______, and _________.

Answer 21

micro - small scale (single population), macro - large scale (many populations), natural selection, overproduction, variation, adaptation, descent with modification

Question 22

Overproduction causes ___________. Adaptations will ___________. Descent with modification is where _______.

Answer 22

limited resources and competition, become more common over time and change the gene pool, changes in gene frequency over time and beneficial traits get more common.

Question 23

Evolution is _________.

Answer 23

change over time; the process by which modern organism shave descended from ancient organisms; any change in the heritable traits within a population across generations

Question 24

read notes on Darwin.

Answer 24

read

Question 25

Fitness is ________. Common descent is ________. homologous structures are _______

Answer 25

ability to survive and reproduce in a specific environment, all species were derived from common ancestors, structures that have different mature structures but develop from the same embryonic structures

Question 26

Evidence that living things have been evolving for millions of years are found in ________________.

Answer 26

fossils geographical distribution homologous structures embryology

Question 27

relative frequency is __________. Evolution is any change in the ________ of alleles in a population.

Answer 27

the number of times that the allele occurs in a gene pool, compared with the number of times other allies for the same gene occur, relative frequency

Question 28

Sexual reproduction produces different __________. This does not change the ________ and does not alter________.

Answer 28

phenotypes, relative frequency, the relative frequency of alleles in a population

Question 29

The number of phenotypes produced for a given trait depends on ___________.

Answer 29

how many genes control the trait

Question 30

Single gene variation leads to only _________. A _______ shaped curve is typical of polygenic traits; this is also known as ________.

Answer 30

two phenotypes, bell, normal distribution

Question 31

directional selection disruptive selection stabilizing selection

Answer 31

individuals at one extreme have higher fitness than those in the middle or the other end individuals at both extremes have higher fitness individuals near the center of the curve have the highest fitness

Question 32

genetic drift is__________. the Hardy Weinberg Principle is ___________. ________ is the situation where allele frequencies remain constant.

Answer 32

a random change in allele frequency, allele frequencies in a population will remain constant unless one or more factors cause the frequencies to change, genetic equilibrium

Question 33

Natural selection never acts directly on _________ it acts on ________.

Answer 33

gene, organism

Question 34

Where ______ varies, natural selection can act. In SMALL populations an allele can become more or less common simply by _________. The _______ the population the more prone to a random change in allele frequency, or genetic drift

Answer 34

fitness, chance, smaller

Question 35

What are the five conditions required to maintain genetic equilibrium

Answer 35

1. random mating 2. population must be very large 3. no movement into or out of the population/migration/genetic drift 4. no mutations 5. no natural selection

Question 36

What equation is used to find allele frequencies and which one is used to find genotype frequencies?

Answer 36

p + q = 1, p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1

Question 37

We can only use p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1 if it is in ____________. If not use _______ to find the allele frequencies.

Answer 37

hardy Weinberg equilibrium/genetic equilibrium, p + q = 1

Question 38

What do each of the variables equal in the hardy Weinberg equation?

Answer 38

p = dominant frequency q = recessive frequency p^2 = homozygous dominant frequency 2pq = heterozygous frequency q^2 = homozygous recessive frequency

Question 39

Reproductive isolation behavioral isolation geographic isolation temporal isolation

Answer 39

when members of two populations cannot interbreed and produce fertile offspring when two population ARE CAPABLE of inbreeding but have differences in courtship rituals or other reproductive strategies that involves behavior two populations are separated by geographic barriers such as rivers, mountains, or bodies of water two or more species reproduce at different times

Question 40

What are the mechanisms of microevolution?

Answer 40

mutations natural selection genetic drfit gene flow non random mating/ sexual selection