Unit 5a

Question 1

Bodies have 2 types of cells ____________ which are ___________ and ___________ which are _________.

Answer 1

somatic cells, body cells, gametes, sex cells

Question 2

Somatic cells are _________ whereas gametes are _________

Answer 2

diploid, haploid

Question 3

diploid = _____________

Answer 3

2 full sets of chromosomes

Question 4

homologous means same gene but different ________. There are two types of chromosomes: 1-22 are ____________ and the 23rd is ____________

Answer 4

allies, autosomal, sex

Question 5

sperm + egg = ___________. Ploidy = _____________. Duplicated chromosomes look like _______ and unduplicated look like _______.

Answer 5

zygote, number of chromosomes, X, I

Question 6

Sister chromatids (X) went through ___________. Before Meiosis I _______________ has happened in the cell cycle. Meiosis happens ________.

Answer 6

s phase, g1, g2, interphase, twice

Question 7

The result of meiosis is that one diploid cell becomes _______________.

Answer 7

4 haploid

Question 8

homologous - __________________. A __________ is the chemical factor that determines traits. A _______ crosses one trait which creates a _________.

Answer 8

each of the 4 chromosomes from male parent has a corresponding chromosomes from the female parent, gene, monohybrid cross

Question 9

A ________ crosses 2 traits. The dominant trait always takes over recessive.

Answer 9

dihybrid cross

Question 10

Meiosis is __________________.

Answer 10

the process of reduction divisions where the number of chromosomes is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell

Question 11

Prior to meiosis - cells undergo DNA replication forming duplicate chromosomes in the _____________.

Answer 11

S phase

Question 12

What happens in prophase 1 in meiosis?

Answer 12

nuclear membrane breaks down
centrioles separate and make spindle fibers
Homologous chromosomes PAIR up and become visible
creates a tetrad
CROSSING OVER occurs

Question 13

A tetrad is _____________. During prophase 1 crossing over occurs which is ________________.

Answer 13

cluster of 4 chromatids, exchange portions of chromatids; exchange of alleles

Question 14

What happens in metaphase 1 in meiosis?

Answer 14

homologous chromosomes are lined up in the middle of the cell in PAIRS

Question 15

What happens in anaphase 1?

Answer 15

pairs separate; one chromosome (2 sister chromatids) are pulled away to each side

sister chromatids stay attached

Question 16

What happens during telophase 1 and cytokinesis during meiosis

Answer 16

chromosome gather at the poles

nuclear membrane MAY reform

cytoplasm divides into 2 cells

Question 17

What is the result of meiosis 1?

Answer 17

2 haploid daughter cells that still have the duplicated chromosomes and are different from original diploid cells

Question 18

What happens in prophase II of meiosis?

Answer 18

nuclear membrane brakes down

spindle fibers form AND ATTACH to the centromeres of the sister chromatids

Question 19

What happens in Metaphase II of meiosis?

Answer 19

sister chromatids line up in the middle

Question 20

What happens in anaphase II of meiosis?

Answer 20

sister chromatids separate and are pulled away

Question 21

What happens in telophase II and cytokinesis in meiosis?

Answer 21

nuclear membrane reforms

spindle fibers disappear

cytoplasm divides

Question 22

What is the result of meiosis II?

Answer 22

4 haploid, genetically unique, daughter cells. They each have an unduplicated chromosomes/chromatid

Question 23

________ restores the diploid number. In females the cell divisions at the end of meiosis I and meiosis II are uneven so the ___________ receives the most cytoplasm. The other three bodies are known as __________ and usually do not participate in reproduction

Answer 23

fertilization, egg, polar bodies

Question 24

genes that __________ do not influence each other’s ________.

Answer 24

segregate independently, inheritance

Question 25

What is the principles of independence assortment?

Answer 25

genes for different traits can SEGREGATE INDEPENDENTLY during the formation of gamete. Independent assortment helps account for the many genetic variations observed in plants, animals, and other organisms

Question 26

__________ is where one allele is not completely dominant over another. The ___________ phenotype is a mix of the two homozygous phenotypes.

Answer 26

incomplete dominance, heterozygous

Question 27

__________ is where both alleles contribute to the phenotype. ROUGH MIXTURE NOT EVENLY BLENDED .

Answer 27

codominance

Question 28

______________ is where genes have more than 2 alleles. C > C^ch > C^h>C

Answer 28

multiple alleles

Question 29

What is an examples of the law of independent assortment?

Answer 29

being tall does not affect eye color

Question 30

Blood types are an example of ____________ and ___________ --------- Blood type AB is fully A and fully B ----------- Alleles I^a, I^b, i

Answer 30

codominance, multiple alleles

Question 31

What are the genotypes? O A B AB

Answer 31

ii I^AI^A or I^Ai I^BI^B or I^Bi I^AI^B

Question 32

What are the antigen and antibodies? O A B AB

Answer 32

none, Anti A and Anti B A, anti B B, anti A A and B, none

Question 33

read notes on blood types

Answer 33

read

Question 34

a _________ is a picture of the chromosomes arranged in pairs.

Answer 34

karyotype

Question 35

Sex chromosome determine an individual's sex: Females = ________ Males = ___________ The ______ chromosome is larger than the _________.

Answer 35

XX, XY, X, Y

Question 36

All human ________ carry a single X chromosome (23, X). HALF of all __________ carry X and half carry y. Half zygotes will be 46,XX and 46,XY

Answer 36

egg cells, sperm cells

Question 37

Autosomal recessive disorder _______________. Read notes on disorders.

Answer 37

recessive genes on the autosomal chromosome cause the disease

Question 38

________ are genes found on sex chromosomes. Males have just one X chromosomes, thus ______ X linked alleles are expressed in males even if they are ________. For Females there must be _______ of the alleles to be expressed. X^nY - __________, XY - not affected X^nX^n - __________ X^HX^h - _______

Answer 38

sex linked genes, all, recessive, 2, affected, affected, not affected

Question 39

Read notes on disorders

Answer 39

read

Question 40

________ shows the relationship within the family to track a trait.

Answer 40

Pedigree

Question 41

What is autosomal recessive inheritance?

Answer 41

individuals expressing a trait has 2 normal parents two affected parents cannot have an unaffected child.

Question 42

What is Autosomal dominant inheritance?

Answer 42

every affected has at least one affected parent each generation will have affect individuals

Question 43

What is sex linked recessive?

Answer 43

no father to son transmission predominantly males affected trait may skip generations

Question 44

46,XX = _______ 46, XY = ______

Answer 44

females, males

Question 45

sickle cell is caused by _____________. colorblindness and hemophilia is an ____________ genetic disorder. X linked recessive is more common in _____________ when men pass X linked to daughter the daughter's son may have it (skips _____________)

Answer 45

codominant alleles, x linked, males, generations

Question 46

nondisjunction is __________________

Answer 46

homologous chromosomes fail to separate evenly

Question 47

45,X = ____________ 47,XXY = ___________

Answer 47

turners, klinefelters