Unit 4

Question 1

Cell theory =
1. _________________________
2. _________________________
3. __________________________

Answer 1

all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things, new cells are produced from existing cells

Question 3

Cell theory is
1. _____________
2. ___________
3. __________

Answer 3

all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things, new cells are produced from existing cells

Question 4

all cells contain ___________. and they have a membrane which is also known as _________________

Answer 4

DNA and organelles, phospholipid bilayer

Question 5

What are the structural organelles?

Answer 5

cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, spindle fibers, centrioles

Question 6

What are the functions of
Cytoplasm
Cytoskeleton
Centrioles
Spindle Fibers

Answer 6

supports and contains all internal cell organelles, gel like fluid

aids cellular movement and structural support; composed of microfilaments and microtubules; transportation system

organize cell division

move and separate chromosomes

Question 7

What organelles produce macromolecules?

Answer 7

ribosomes
smooth and rough ER
Golgi apparatus
chloroplast
mitochondria

Question 8

What are the functions of
ribosome
smooth and rough ER
golgi apparatus
chloroplast
mitochondria

Answer 8

produce proteins

rough: makes proteins and is covered in ribosomes

smooth: produces lipids

proteins from ER are modified, fixed, and repaired for storage or transport

cellular respiration, makes ATP and oxygen

Question 9

Which organelles transport, store, and recycle macromolecules?

Answer 9

vesicles, vacuoles, lysosomes

Question 10

What are the functions of
vesicles
vacuoles
lysosomes

Answer 10

phospholipid bilayer, pinching off other organelles to transport in/out of the cell

modified vesicle, store nutrients

modified vesicle, breaks down old organelles and excess macromolecules

Question 11

Which organelles protect the cell from harm?

Answer 11

nucleus, cell membrane, cell wall, capsule, peroxisome

Question 12

what are the functions of
nucleus
cell membrane
cell wall
capsule,
peroxisome

Answer 12

protects DNA

phospholipid bilayer (polarized head non polar tails) , selective permeability

riding strong, around the cell membrane and is impermeable

additional layer, dense, only in bacteria

modified vesicle, similar to lysosomes, protects from toxins and chemicals

Question 13

ribosomes are made in the ____________.

Answer 13

nucleolus

Question 14

What are some organelles that animal cells have but plants cells do not.

Answer 14

no lysosomes (rare)
no centrioles

Question 15

______ molecules are embedded in the bilayer.

Answer 15

protein

Question 16

particles move from ____________ and will continue to diffuse until __________ is reached . ——— us the concentration of the solute is the same throughout the system. When this is reached particles move across the membrane in both directions

Answer 16

high to low, equilibrium

Question 17

diffusion requires no energy. What type of particles can go through the membrane?

Answer 17

small, uncharged

Question 18

___________ - diffusion of water through a semi-permeable membrane

Answer 18

osmosis

Question 19

The higher the solute concentration the _________ the concentration of water. The lower the solute concentration the _________ the concentration of water.

Answer 19

lower, higher,

Question 20

________ = two solution are equal in concentration on both sides of the membrane

_________ concentration IN the cell is lower than the solution outside; higher concentration of water inside the cell; this causes the water to move _____________

________ concentration in the cell is higher than outside; lower concentration of water in the cell. This causes ____________

Answer 20

isotonic, hypertonic, out, hypotonic, in

Question 21

____________ - cell membrane protein channels let molecules cross.

This does NOT require ________.

There are specific channels for specific substances

Answer 21

facilitated diffusion, energy

Question 22

_______________
- no energy
- natural processes
- slower
- cell can’t build a concentration gradient

______________
- energy
-faster
-allows cell to build a concentration gradient
- against concentration gradient

Answer 22

passive transport, active transport

Question 23

What is concentration gradient?

Answer 23

the process of particles in a solution moving from high concentration to low concentration

Question 24

larger molecules are transported by _________ and _________

this involves changing in ____________

Answer 24

endocytosis - take in, exocytosis - out, the shape of cell membrane

Question 25

A phospholipid has a head that is ____________ and a __________ tail.

Answer 25

hydrophilic and polar, hydrophobic and non polar

Question 26

___________ is the relative solute concentration; requires 2 solutions

Answer 26

tonicity

Question 27

_________ are channel proteins that allow water to pass through Water moves by ___________.

Answer 27

aquaporins, facilitated diffusion

Question 28

Two reasons why cells divide: 1. ________________ 2. ______________

Answer 28

the larger it becomes, the more demands placed on DNA cell has trouble moving nutrients and waste across the cell membrane

Question 29

the rate that substances leave and enter depends on the ______________ of the cell. The rate that food and oxygen are used and waste products produced depends on ___________

Answer 29

surface area, volume

Question 30

surface area to volume ratio become smaller as the cell becomes _________.

Answer 30

larger

Question 31

cell division creates two __________ daughter cells. In ________ cell division is just separating contents into 2 parts In____________, mitosis and __________. -------- is the division of the cytoplasm.

Answer 31

identical, prokaryotes, eukaryotes, cytokinesis

Question 32

Mitosis = ____________ -> ___________ ->____________ -> __________ -> ____________

Answer 32

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis

Question 33

What happens during prophase, the longest?

Answer 33

chromatin is condensed to make chromosomes; they become visible centrioles form spindle fibers nucleolus disappears and the nuclear envelop breaks down

Question 34

What happens in metaphase?

Answer 34

spindle fibers connect to centromere chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell = equatorial plate

Question 35

What happens in anaphase?

Answer 35

spindle fibers pull the sister chromatids away, becoming individual chromosomes chromatids move to opposite ends ends when the chromosomes stop moving

Question 36

What happens in telophase?

Answer 36

chromosomes decondense and turn into chromatin nuclear membrane forms again spindle fibers break down cytokinesis begins

Question 37

During cytokines in animal cells - _______________ plant cells - _____________

Answer 37

cell membrane is drawn inward, cell plate forms midway divide the nuclei

Question 38

_________ is the life of the cell as one cell period of growth __________ events the cell goes through as it grows and divides

Answer 38

interphase, cell cycle

Question 39

The four phases of the cell cycle and what happens in each : 1. _____ 2. ________ 3. _______ 4. ______

Answer 39

M - mitosis and cytokinesis - S - chromosome replication; synthsis G1 - period of intense growth G2 - preparation for mitosis

Question 40

What is the order of the cell cycle?

Answer 40

M -> G1 -> S -> G2