Unit 7 Nots: Middle Ages & Reformation

Question 1

Dioceses

Answer 1

An area under the pastoral care of a bishop

Question 2

Pope

Answer 2

The main bishop and head of the Roman Catholic Church

Question 3

Ambrose of Milan

Answer 3

Separated who’s in charge
states in charge of laws
Church in charge of church matters
(church stays out of political matters)

Question 4

Arian Beliefs

Answer 4

Christ was a created and individual being. not actually God

Question 5

Nestorius Beliefs

Answer 5

Believed in the joined Godhead

Question 6

Nestorians Bible

Answer 6

Used late 4th century latin translation because only they spoke latin,

Question 7

Nicene Creed

Answer 7

Statement of beliefs written in 325 AD to settle disagreements.
only creed affirmed by Roman Catholic Church

Question 8

St. Jerome’s Vulgate

Answer 8

in 382 AD Jerome translated the Vulgate for Pope Damasus I
he revised the Vetus Latina Gospels used by the Roman Catholic Church

Question 9

Vulgate

Answer 9

A latin version of the Bible

Question 10

St. Augustine

Answer 10

Proposed the ideas:
a “City of God” (prosperous and holy city on earth)

the idea of Heaven

Question 11

Roman Catholic Church gains power in Western Europe

Answer 11

Focus on Cultural preservation
started welfare

Question 12

Welfare

Answer 12

Alms given
the way the church made money

Question 13

Pope Gregory I

Answer 13

540-604
Believes in “kingdom of God”
Secular/political power given to the Pope:
Excommunication

Question 14

Lay investiture

Answer 14

the king has the right to appoint religious figures

Question 15

Eastern Orthodox Church

Answer 15

In Constantinople
Contrast with Catholicism:
Marriage - more open to different marriages
Greek - understood greek/original bible

Question 16

Iconoclast Controversy

Answer 16

Emperor Leo III lead the Orthodox Church and proclaimed Iconoclasm.
believed that God was infinite and divine so he cannot be in any pictures or defined as a person

Question 17

Great Schism

Answer 17

600 AD
east and west split over beliefs. Eastern monasteries were worshiping idols, western Romans don’t like that.

Question 18

Vikings

Answer 18

Terrorize England
Some would come fight for plunder, some would invade and live there.

Question 19

Canute 1016 AD

Answer 19

King Canute conquers England

Question 20

Alfred the Great

Answer 20

held off the Vikings for a bit.
People thought he was the answer to the Viking prayers

Question 21

Anglo Saxons

Answer 21

King Canute Combined the Anglos and Saxons Combined Vikings into society as well

Question 22

Edward the confessor

Answer 22

Successor to King Canute.
Died without heir.
Causes civil war over who should be the new King.

Question 23

William the Conqueror

Answer 23

takes over after Edward because they’re cousins. Duke of Normandy.
Descendant of Vikings.

Question 24

Harold Godwinson

Answer 24

Claims throne at the same time as William
They cause civil war.
Harold dies and William declares England his.

Question 25

Magyar

Answer 25

a member of a people who originated in the Urals and migrated westward to settle in what is now Hungary in the 9th century AD.

Question 26

Feudalism

Answer 26

kings had control over territory, no set country borders

Question 27

Mutual Obligation (Feudalism)

Answer 27

Everyone gets something out of ruling

Question 28

Lord (Feudalism)

Answer 28

Kings put Lords in charge of a small portion of territory

Question 29

Vassal (Feudalism)

Answer 29

People the Lords give land to they run the land and the Lords get part of the profit

Question 30

Fief/Fiefdom (Feudalism)

Answer 30

Land or things given by Lords so you can help others in return (small states/territories)

Question 31

Peasants and serfs

Answer 31

work the land that is given to their bosses

Question 32

Plantagenets (england)

Answer 32

henry II 1154-89 Sends judges and juries in every part of their territory, making decisions loyal to him. Expanded territory and took control of Aquitaine

Question 33

Eleanor of Aquitaine

Answer 33

Wife of Louis VII then Henry II Luis divorces her for not having a son One of the most important women in History Wife to two kings and gives birth to two kings Mother of Richard the Lionhearted Very powerful

Question 34

Richard Lionhearted

Answer 34

1189-99 fights and dies during 3rd crusade very powerful king everyone loves him conquers many lands good leader

Question 35

King John

Answer 35

Took over after his older brother Richard the Lionhearted died Really bad king “John the SoftSword” Lost Normandy and all of Aquitaine to the French Horrible to his subjects Raised taxes so high that the nobles rebelled and made John sign the Magna Carta

Question 36

Magna Carta

Answer 36

‘Constitution’ gives more power to the people and protects them from King John.

Question 37

Edward I

Answer 37

subjects were not happy with him so he started Parliament so the people were mad at their decisions and not the king

Question 38

Parliament

Answer 38

group of people called together to make governmental decisions. When they raised taxes, it put blame on Parliament, not the King.

Question 39

The crusades

Answer 39

Pope Urban II launches the Crusades by calling all Christians in Europe to war against Muslims in order to reclaim the Holy Land.

Question 40

Saladin

Answer 40

Muslim leader that lead crusades reclaims Jerusalem, 1187

Question 41

Baldwin IV

Answer 41

king of Jerusalem 1172-1185 'leper king' - died at 16 led an outnumbered Christian force against Saladin's troops and won one of the most famous battles of the Crusades

Question 42

Guy d’ Lusignan

Answer 42

Took over Jerusalem after Baldwin IV lead the battle of Hittan lost the city of Jerusalem to the Muslims

Question 43

Battle of Hittan

Answer 43

battle in northern Palestine that marked the defeat and annihilation of the Christian Crusader armies of Guy de Lusignan,

Question 44

Reganald

Answer 44

Breaks the treaty between the Muslims and Christians over who controlled Jerusalem He was gifted ice cream before being executed by Guy d' Lusignan

Question 45

3rd crusade

Answer 45

3 kings lead the war Philip II of france - went to war out of obligation. Goes home after Philip takes Acre. Richard the Lion Hearted - Richard gets stuck in Sicily and is late to help Philip II. Philip gets mad at him for being late. Frederick I of Germany - drowns in river trying to cross while leading army. Many soldiers go home when Frederick dies.

Question 46

Siege of Acre

Answer 46

Richard Lionhearted takes over Acre and the King of Acre pays ransom and gives remnants of Christ’s cross. King of Acre can’t keep promise to pay full ransom. Asks to pay in installments. Richard gets mad at late payments and lines up 3,000 hostages and executes all of them.

Question 47

Battle of Arsuf, 1191

Answer 47

Big battle leads to a stalemate. Truce - muslims get control of jerusalem, but Chrisitians can enter unarmed into the city to Worship. All other conquered land belongs to the Christians. Christians don’t like truce.

Question 48

Capetian Dynasty

Answer 48

Hugh Capet 987-996 Expands and rebuilds France Not great rulers but maintained the people United fiefdoms

Question 49

Louis VII

Answer 49

1137-80 - 2nd Capetian King 2nd Crusade - fails People love him for going on crusade First France King to go on Crusade First husband to Eleanor of Aquitaine. Was Duke of Aquitaine

Question 50

Philip II (Augustus)

Answer 50

3rd crusade “1st king of france” Most powerful Capetian King Goes on 3rd crusade with Richard Lionhearted Takes land from King John Triples the size of france

Question 51

Philip IV

Answer 51

Starts The Third Estate - a meeting of commoners is called to fight against the church This makes him very popular Conflicts with the church a lot.

Question 52

1st Crusade

Answer 52

1096 Struggles - wiped out. Unarmed and unprepared Peasants fought Made it to Antioch Takes over Jerusalem, 1099 Muslims fight back and take more land back Muslim Turks threaten Constantinople Pope Urban II calls for a “holy war” People listen and fight Says anyone who dies on Crusade will be forgiven of all sins

Question 53

Crusader motivations

Answer 53

God said so - forgiveness of sins Gold, land and wealth

Question 54

2nd Crusade

Answer 54

1147-48 Crusader Kingdoms fall Lui VII Defeated by turks in Anatolia

Question 55

4th Crusade

Answer 55

Sacking of Zara Sacking of Constantinople King Alexios pays crusaders to take back Zara. Zara was a Christian city that rebelled against Venice. Crusaders get paid to take control of Zara. Christian crusaders sack Christian city to get money from the king. Crusaders fight and go to Constantinople the money's gone and they don’t get paid. Venice King promises crusaders money if they bring him back to power Crusades end with Constantinople because they lose purpose for their fighting

Question 56

Reconquista

Answer 56

Conquest of Granada, 1492 Christopher Columbus left. Went on crusades in Asia to convert everyone to Catholicism.

Question 57

Spanish Inquisition

Answer 57

expulsion of non-catholics

Question 58

Effects of Crusades

Answer 58

Effects of Crusades Trade - becomes popular with all the people going through Italy for Crusade Itallian City-states Cultural exchange Intellectual and economic growth contributes to renaissance and reformation After plague ends people come out of middle ages and live life in different ways Kings Gain power, Church loses it East-west Schism - east and west don’t work together. They separate and believe different things Jewish Persecution - jews were killed and persecuted. Christian-Muslim relations - after seige of acre, muslims and christains can’t coexist

Question 59

Social causes of the reformation

Answer 59

The renaissance values of humanism and secularism led people to question the church The printing press helped to spread ideas critical of the church.

Question 60

Political causes for the reformation

Answer 60

Powerful monarch challenged the church as the supreme power in europe Many leaders viewed the pope as a foreign ruler and challenged his authority.

Question 61

Economic causes for the reformation

Answer 61

European princes and kings were jealous of the Church’s wealth Merchants and others resented having to pay taxes to the Church

Question 62

Religious causes for the reformation

Answer 62

Some church leaders had become worldly and corrupt Many people found church practices such as the sale of indulgences unacceptable

Question 63

Indulgances

Answer 63

People would pay the church to help being forgiven of sins and to have a better chance of going to heaven Pope’s exploited people for money

Question 64

Martin Luther

Answer 64

German Catholic Monk Hated indulgences 95 Theses List of 95 things that the Catholic church is doing wrong. Put on trial for heresy. Pope Leo Excommunicated Luther Devout followers of Luther become Lutherans

Question 65

Edict of Worms

Answer 65

Holy Roman Emperor Charles V claims that Luther’s beliefs are wrong and his writing should be burned

Question 66

Luther's teachings/beliefs

Answer 66

Only faith in God is needed for Salvation All church teachings should be clearly based on the bible All people of faith are equals

Question 67

Catholic Church teachings

Answer 67

Faith and good works are needed for salvation Church and Bible are equal authorities Only through the church can people have a relationship with God.

Question 68

Germany's civil war

Answer 68

“Protesting” princes rebel - rebelled against the church and become known as Protestants Lutherans and Catholics fight for 20 years

Question 69

peace of Augsburg

Answer 69

Truce of the German Civil War They both agree that the Princes can decide what religion their Fiefdom believes. Small German Fiefdoms are mixed between Catholic, Lutheran, and Protestant

Question 70

Counter reformation

Answer 70

Council of Trent: The Church finalizes their interpretation of the Bible Said Indulgences are good and an expression of faith Go on campaign to burn all books against the catholic church

Question 71

English Reformation

Answer 71

Act of Supremacy Henry VIII wants to divorce queen because she can’t produce Heir Catholic church says he can’t divorce her. He leaves Catholic Church Henry VIII leaves church and starts Anglican Church. Becomes head of the church in England

Question 72

Elizabeth I

Answer 72

joined parts of Lutheran and Catholic church to bring people together and stop them from fighting. she creates modern day catholicism

Question 73

John Calvin

Answer 73

Starts Calvinism Says people are sinful by nature Starts a model society in Sweden. Harsh rule and punishment to make people ‘good’

Question 74

Predestination

Answer 74

John calvin belief that God chooses who he wants to be saved before they are born - Limited amount of people get saved

Question 75

John Knox

Answer 75

Takes Calvinism and goes to Scotland and becomes known as Prespiterian Prespiterian becomes official Scotland religion