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World Civ > Unit 11 Notes: The Enlightenment > Flashcards

Unit 11 Notes: The Enlightenment Flashcards

1
Q

Geocentrism

A

Thought everything revolves around the earth
Crystalline spheres

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2
Q

Natural Philosphy

A

Uses logic and reason to prove something

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3
Q

Thoughts on magic, astrology and alchemy

A

Very important and as reliable as science

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4
Q

Chinese and Muslim Influence

A

They remain stagnant while eurpoeans want to improve and change culturally.
they want to find more in life

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5
Q

The crusades and the renaissance

A

Brings back ideas of the arts and sciences
Universities built and literacy begin due to printing press
Growing middle class
Death of feudalism
Age of discovery

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6
Q

Diversity of thought

A

balances people and their actions

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7
Q

Nicolause Copernicus

A

wrote “On the Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres” (1543)

Created Heliocentric Theory

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8
Q

Heliocentric Theory

A

Everything revolves around the sun

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9
Q

Galileo

A

Invented Telescope
Discovers moons of Jupiter from his telescope

Excommunicated from the church for supporting Heliocentrism

Invented law of Inertia

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10
Q

Law of Inertia

A

Object will stay in motion or at rest unless opposing forces change it

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11
Q

Tycho Brahe

A

Created idea of Supernovas
Believes in Heliocentrism
Blows up aristotle’s argument of a static space
Uses brass prosthetic nose
Gets into sword fight over math and gets his nose cut off
Had pet deer/moose
Trained it to get him drinks
Lived with ‘psychic’ dwarf

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12
Q

Johannes Kepler

A

Started elliptical orbits
Supported Copernican
Refuted Aristotle

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13
Q

Rene Descartes

A

Invented Algebra and geometry
Invented (x, exponents)
Involved in Optics
Invented law of refraction

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14
Q

Sir Isaac Newton

A

Wrote “Principa” (1687)
3 laws of motion
F=m*a
Law of gravity

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15
Q

Francis Bacon

A

Came up with Empiricism -
You know things by formal observation, testing and logic

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16
Q

Robert Boyle

A

Chemistry
Invented Atoms
Invented Vacuum - taking air out of a building
Boyle’s law
Pressure varies inversely with volume.

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17
Q

Natural law

A

All society should be based on God-given (natural laws)

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18
Q

Reason

A

The truth and anything can be found through logical thinking.

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19
Q

Happiness

A

Everyone has the right to seek happiness

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20
Q

progress

A

People and society had the responsibility to improve

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21
Q

liberty

A

Society should have control over their own lives

22
Q

tolerance

A

People didn’t like religious intolerance

23
Q

old thoughts on life

A

People should deal with their position in life because it was what God gave them

24
Q

new thoughts on life

A

You should work hard and educate yourself to improve your life and conditions

25
Social contract
People give up part of their freedom and liberty and give it to the government to protect them.
26
Thomas Hobbes
Witnesses English Civil War Saw how cruel the world was and thinks a strong ruler needs the power to control people from anarchy. Wrote "Leviathan" (1651) Involves - Social Contract Theory (believes a leader must have absolute sovereignty to safely rule a country without war.)
27
John Locke
Came up with the philosophy of sensationalism believed in natural rights Life, liberty and property Power comes from the people
28
Tabula Rasa
Everyone is born with a clean slate and natural rights
29
Jean Jaques Rousseau
“General will” Direct democracy - only correct government believed people are born good, society corrupts them
30
Montesquieu
believed in Separation of powers Branches of government Executive, legislative, judicial Checks and balances
31
voltaire
believed in Civil rights Free speech and religion fought Against the torture of criminals Fought against intolerance
32
Adam Smith
wrote "Moral Sentiments" came up with Economic liberalism (freedom) Free market Social mobility
33
Deism
Enlightenment era belief that there is a God, but that God isn't involved in people's lives
34
Rousseau
Every government ever has been corrupt and every system ever has existed so the strong can exploit the weak Believed in direct democracy or “general will”
35
General Will
If the majority of people support something, it is right and should be followed
36
Popular sovereignty
Belief that ultimate power resides in the people
37
David Hume
Scottish philosopher whose philosophy restricted human knowledge to that which can be perceived by the senses Wrote "An Inquiry of Human Understanding"
38
Adam Smith
An economic liberal who advocated for the free market and social mobility
39
Wealth of Nations
Adam Smith's book that described his theory of laissez-faire economics
40
Economic Liberalism
The idea that government should not interfere in the workings of the economy (invisible hand)
41
enlightented absolution
Rulers tried to govern by enlightenment principles (rationalism, progress, and tolerance) while maintaining their royal powers
42
enclosure
Taking over and consolidating land formerly shared by peasant farmers
43
public sphere
A place where society discusses the issues that affect everyone
44
salons
Social gatherings at which writers, artists, philosophers, and others exchanged ideas
45
scientific revolution
Intellectual movement in europe that is associated with planetary motion and questioning accepted beliefs, laid the groundwork for modern science
46
muslim and chinese science
Influenced European advancement through trade, eventually stagnated because of the crusades. academics and literacy become important western europe
47
aristotelian methodology
Philosophy can figure out all problems (not empirical observation)
48
medieval science
Natural philosophy along with magic, astrology, and religion
49
empiricism
The belief that accurate knowledge can be acquired through observation and experimentation (Francis Bacon)
50
nicolaus copernicus
Astronomer who proposed a heliocentric model of the universe (Sun in the center of the universe)
51
On the revolutions of the heavenly spheres
Book written by copernicus which explained his heliocentric theory and contradicted the geocentric theory

World Civ (16 decks)

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