Urbanisation Flashcards
(27 cards)
Patterns of urbanisation since 1945 (phase 1)
-Urbanisation slowed in HICS and experienced counter urbanisation
-LICs experienced rural to urban migration (lack of rural resources)
-Megacities appear around the globe
Factors of urbanisation since 1945 (phase 2) 1990-present day
-Fastest growing areas in Asia + Africa
-37 mega cities
-From 2010 largest growth rates in china India nigeria and Kenya
-Economic downfall led to depopulations in some American cities
Outline phase 3 in the global patterns of urbanisation since 1945
-By 2030 UN predicts 60% of worlds pop will be urban (66% by 2050)
-Brazil will see rapid urban pop growth by 2030
-China will see fastest and largest singular increase in % urban pops
What is a Megacity ?
A city or urban agglomeration with a population of more than 10 million people.
London received megacity status by 2013
What is a metacity ?
A city with a population of more than 20 million
Define urbanisation
An increase in the proportion of a country’s population that lives in towns and cities.
The 2 main causes are natural population growth and migration into urban areas from rural areas
Define suburbanisation
The decentralisation of services, industry and people towards the edge of an urban area frequently results in urban sprawl.
This process is interconnected with increased levels of affluence and the development of transport networks.
Causes of suburbanisation
-Desire for better quality of environment
-More space (land is cheaper)
-Belief rural schools offer better education
-Perception suburbs are crime free
Outline natural population growth
Urban areas have a relatively young age profile. (in fertile years so having children)
Traditionally young adults migrate for higher paid jobs, better education and greater social/cultural diversity.
Outline rural-urban migration
Push factors causing people to move away from rural areas. (agricultural problems, local disease, natural disasters)
Pull factors attract them to urban areas. (employment, qol)
Define urban sprawl
The spread of an urban area into the surrounding countryside
Consequences of urbanisation and urban growth
-urban sprawl
-Shortage of housing in LICs
-Shortage of affordable housing in HICs
-Lack of urban services and waste disposal
-Unemployment
-Transport issues
Define decentralisation
The movement of population and industry from the urban centre to outlying areas
Define deindustrialisation
The loss of jobs in the manufacturing sector.
Occurred in the UK in the second half of the 20th century.
Define gentrification
The buying and renovating of properties, often in more run-down areas, by wealthier individuals
Define an Edge city
A self-contained settlement which has emerged beyond the original city boundary and developed as a city in its own right.
Define urban resurgence
The regeneration, both economic and structural, of an urban area which has suffered a period of decline.
Often initiated by redevelopment schemes but also due to wider social, economic and demographic processes.
Causes of counter-urbanisation
-People want to escape air-pollution, dirt and crime of urban environment
-Aspire rural ‘idyll’ which is pleasant quiet and clean
-Improved technology allow more freedom of location, e.g. drive to work or work from home on computer
Effects of counter-urbanisation
-Rise in demand for second homes in rural areas
-Affects the layout of settlements (modern housing estates built on the edges of settlements, industrial units on main roads)
-Tension between newcomers and locals
Evidence of counter-urbanisation in an area
-Increase in commuter railway stations
-Increased value of houses
-Construction of more executive housing
-Conversion of farm land to exclusive residences
What is a green belt ?
Areas of open space and low density land use around towns where further development is strictly controlled
Effects of suburbanisation
-Increasing social segregation within cities (wealthier move out to suburbs and gather in wealthy enclaves leaving poor in inner city)
-Diversion of funding away from inner city to suburbs for new infrastructure and services
Effects of urban resurgence
-Factories and warehouses converted into housing or commercial use and modern infrastructure
-Areas rebranded as fashionable districts or quarters which attract more newcomers (often young professionals with a high disposable income)
-Attracts further investment
Causes of deindustrialisation
-mechanisation (cheaper for companies to use machines)
-Competition from abroad
-Reduced demand for traditional products
