Urinary pt. 1

Question 1

Most obvious function of kidneys

Answer 1

produce urine to facilitate elimination of metabolic wastes

Question 2

Kidneys maintain homeostasis by manipulating ____________

Answer 2

manipulating composition of blood plasma

Question 3

Kidneys also help regulate __________

Answer 3

regulates acid-bas balance and fluid-electrolyte balances

Question 4

The kidneys must filter enough water and electrolytes out of the blood to equal ___________

Answer 4

to equal the amount that is being put into the blood from other sources

Question 5

levels of NA, K, Cl, and N waste (urea from protein breakdown) in plasma must be maintained within specific, narrow concentration limits. Needs to do this for health and life to continue. What happens if kidneys fail to do this

Answer 5

concentrations can rise to toxic levels. Leads to illness and death

Question 6

What is the most important function of the kidneys

Answer 6

Maintaining homeostasis

Question 7

Main processes of maintaining homeostasis are:

Answer 7

Blood filtration, reabsorption, and secretion as well as fluid balance and regulation, Acid-base regulation, hormone production, and blood pressure regulation

Question 8

During blood filtration, useful substances are _________, and waste products are ______

Answer 8

useful substances are returned to circulation, and waste products are secreted from the bloodstream, into a fluid that eventually becomes urine

Question 9

The amount of urine produced depends on ________, this helps ensure ________

Answer 9

depends on the amount of water it contains, this helps ensure that the body contains the right amount of water to maintain a healthy internal environment

Question 10

If the body has excess water and it needs to get rid of it, what happens

Answer 10

more urine is formed (diuresis)

Question 11

if the body needs to conserve water, what happens

Answer 11

less urine is produced, and pass little (oliguria) or no urine at all (anuria)

Question 12

The amount of water contained in the urine is under the control of the hormones ___________ and _____________

Answer 12

antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and aldosterone

Question 13

Acid-base balance regulation is maintained by the ability to

Answer 13

remove acidic hydrogen and basic bicarbonate ions from the blood and excrete them in urine. By eliminating these ions in the appropriate amounts, blood pH can be maintained in the proper range

Question 14

Kidneys have a close association with the endocrine system -> hormones that help regulate body functions. The kidneys do three things with hormones

Answer 14

Kidneys produce hormones, regulate the release of hormones from other organs, and are influenced by hormones themselves

Question 15

Kidneys can influence the rate of release of ______ from the posterior pituitary gland and __________, secreted from the cortex of the adrenal gland

Answer 15

ADH from the posterior pituitary gland
aldosterone form the cortex of the adrenal gland

Question 16

Specialized cells in kidney produce ______________, the hormone necessary for RBC production, and some __________

Answer 16

Erythropoietin
prostaglandins

Question 17

Kidneys contain internal receptors that monitor blood pressure. When blood pressure fails, kidneys secrete

Answer 17

renin

Question 18

the release of renin results in

Answer 18

vasoconstriction and the retention of Na and H2O. By increasing fluid volume of the blood, blood pressure will also be increased

Question 19

Where are the kidneys located

Answer 19

Dorsal part of the abdomen, just ventral to and on either side of the first few lumbar vertebrae
In common domestic animals, except the pig, the right kidney is more cranial than the left

Question 20

What surrounds the kidneys and helps protect them from pressure exerted by surrounding organs

Answer 20

A thick layer of fat (perirenal)

Question 21

Kidneys are located ______ to the abdomen

Answer 21

retroperitoneal
They are outside the parietal peritoneum (more or less they are outside the abdomen)

Question 22

To an extent, kidneys move with the diaphragm. As it contracts, what happens

Answer 22

-kidneys are pushed cranially (by half a vertebra)
-Right kidney doesn’t move as much as the left kidney
-Right kidney fits into a depression in the liver that stabilizes it
-Left kidney doesn’t have this stabilization

Question 23

In most animals, what shape is the kidney and what is it covered by

Answer 23

kidneys are bean-shaped and covered by a fibrous connective tissue capsule
Horses: right kidney is compressed, so it becomes somewhat heart-shaped
Cattle: is multilobulated, about 12 lobes

Question 24

The indented area on the medial aspect of the kidney is called the

Answer 24

hilus
This is where blood and lymph vessels, nerves, and the ureters enter and leave the kidney

Question 25

If you cut the kidneys of most animals in half longitudinally through the hilus, you’ll find a funnel-shaped area inside the hilus. This is known as

Answer 25

the renal pelvis

Question 26

the renal pelvis is a urine collection chamber the forms ____

Answer 26

The beginning of the ureter

Question 27

The renal pelvis is lined with

Answer 27

transitional epithelium

Question 28

what animal don't have a distinct chamber that can be called a renal pelvis

Answer 28

cattle

Question 29

the outer portion of the kidney is called

Answer 29

the renal cortex it is reddish brown and has a rough granular appearance

Question 30

The inner portion around the renal pelvis is the

Answer 30

renal medulla it has a smooth appearance with a dark purple outer area that sends rays up into the cortex and a pale grey-red inner area that extends down the renal pelvis

Question 31

The shapes of the cortex and medulla and how they relate to each other vary among species Cattle and pigs:

Answer 31

medulla is made of numerous, pyramid-shaped areas with the apex pointing to the renal pelvis (pigs) or directly to the ureter (cattle)  This gives the medulla a scalloped appearance  The cortex fills in around the scallops

Question 32

Kidneys with the structure like the cattle and pigs have is called

Answer 32

multipyramidal or multilobular

Question 33

In other species the medullary pyramids fuse to occupy the entire medulla, and the cortex is pushed to the outside area only. This is known as

Answer 33

unipyramidal or unilobar

Question 34

The basic functional unit of the kidney is the

Answer 34

Nephron

Question 35

4 parts of the nephron:

Answer 35

1. Renal corpuscle 2. Proximal convoluted tubule 3. Loop of Henle 4. Distal convoluted tubule

Question 36

The renal corpuscle is located where

Answer 36

in the cortex of the kidney

Question 37

The renal corpuscle is made up of

Answer 37

glomerulus and Bowman's capsule

Question 38

The glomerulus is

Answer 38

a tuft of glomerular capillaries

Question 39

Bowman's capsule

Answer 39

double walled capsule that surrounds the glomerulus

Question 40

Bowman's capsule has two layers

Answer 40

a visceral and a parietal

Question 41

The visceral layer of the Bowman's capsule has ________

Answer 41

podocytes ("foot cells") Cover capillaries and make a permeable layer that allows fluid and dissolved substance to pass through during filtration

Question 42

fluid filtered out of the blood is called

Answer 42

glomerular filtrate

Question 43

Proximal convoluted tubule (twisty turn) is a continuation of

Answer 43

the capsular space of the bowman's capsule

Question 44

What is the longest part of the tubular system of the nephron

Answer 44

the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

Question 45

What type of epi cells line the PCT

Answer 45

cuboidal and have a brush border (important for resorption)

Question 46

filtered fluid in the pct is known as

Answer 46

tubular filtrate

Question 47

The loop of Henle continues from

Answer 47

the PCT and descends into the medulla of the kidney, makes a U turn and heads back up to the cortex

Question 48

The descending loop portion is made of what kind of cells

Answer 48

simple cuboidal with a Brush border like the PCT

Question 49

as the loop of henle maks the u turnin the medulla of the kidney, what happens?

Answer 49

it becomes thinner. The epi cells transition to simple squamous and it loses the BB

Question 50

As the loop of henle ascends to the cortex, what happens

Answer 50

it becomes thicker again, but it doesn't regain the BB

Question 51

Distal convoluted tubule (DCT) is a continuation od

Answer 51

the ascending loop of Henle. it follows twisting path through the cortex

Question 52

DCT from all the nephrons in the kidney empty into a series of tubules called

Answer 52

collecting ducts

Question 53

the collecting ducts carry tubular filtrate through __________ into

Answer 53

through the medulla into the calyces ---> renal pelvis

Question 54

The DCT is also the primary site of action for ____

Answer 54

ADH and K and acid-base regulation occur here

Question 55

where does the nerve supply to the kidney come from

Answer 55

primarily from the sympathetic nervous system

Question 56

Each kidney has a massive blood supply because it is _________________________ for blood

Answer 56

It is a filter organ for blood

Question 57

How much of the blood pumped by the heart goes to the kidneys

Answer 57

25% Meaning that every 4-5 min, all circulating blood in the body passes through the kidneys

Question 58

What artery does the blood come from into the kidneys

Answer 58

the renal artery branches off the abdominal artery enters at the hilus divides/subdivides until becoming a series of afferent glomerular arterioles

Question 59

The afferent glomerular arterioles carry blood where

Answer 59

into the glomerular capillaries of the renal corpuscle

Question 60

The glomerular capillaries are a continuation of the afferent arterioles. What do the filter

Answer 60

they filter some of the plasma out of the blood not all plasma is filtered out, if so, blood flow would stop

Question 61

When the blood is in the glomerular capillaries, the blood is still arterial blood at this point, which means what?

Answer 61

This is the only place the blood entering AND leaving the capillaries is oxygenated blood

Question 62

efferent glomerular arterioles are capillaries that surround what

Answer 62

the rest of the nephron

Question 63

what is the efferent glomerular arterioles is known as

Answer 63

peritubular capillaries

Question 64

what happens in the efferent glomerular arterioles

Answer 64

oxygen transfer substances are also taken out of the tubular filtrate and put back in the blood (AKA tubular reabsorption)

Question 65

Peritubular capillaries surround ______________ and converge to form __________________

Answer 65

surround the nephron and converge to form venules

Question 66

The renal vein leaves the kidney at ____

Answer 66

at the hilus and joins the abdominal portion of the Caudal vena cava (cleanest blood in the body)