Urinary System- Lecture 10/21/21

Question 1

Major functions of kidney (6)

Answer 1

• Removal of metabolic waste products from blood
• Regulation of ion concentration
• Regulation of blood acid-base balance
• Rgulation of blood pressure
• Regulation of erythrocyte production (EPO)
• Vitamin D activation

Question 2

medulla

Answer 2

Striated segment containing collecting ducts and loops of henle

Question 3

Arcuate artery

Answer 3

Curved artery surrounding the medulla

Question 4

Interlobular artery

Answer 4

Radial projections from the arcuate artery, defines the borders of a lobule

Question 5

Calyx

Answer 5

Collect concentrated urine for the ureter

Question 6

Parts of the nephron

Answer 6

Renal corpuscle + tubule and loop of henle

Question 7

Renal corpuscle

Answer 7

Glomerulus and bowman’s capsule

Question 8

Afferent arteriole

Answer 8

Brings blood into the glomerulus, bigger than efferent

Question 9

Efferent arteriole

Answer 9

Brings blood out of the glomerulus, smaller than afferent

Question 10

Urineferous tubule

Answer 10

Nephron+ collecting duct

Question 11

Cells of the Bowman’s capsule =

Answer 11

• Endothelial cells
• Mesangial cells
• Podocytes

Question 12

Mesangial cells

Answer 12

• Support glomerulus
• Phagocytose
• Contractile (blood pressure)
• b.p monitoring

Question 13

Podocytes

Answer 13

octopus like cells that form the filtration slits between fenestrated capillary and Bowman’s space

Question 14

PCT characteristics

Answer 14

• Brush border (fuzzy lumen)
• Abundant mitochondria
• 80% of ultrafiltrate

Question 15

DCT characteristics

Answer 15

(Resorbs mostly water and NA+)

• No brush border
• fewer mitochondria (less eosinophilic)

Question 16

2 steps of resorption

Answer 16

• Pump nutrients into ECM (active)

Uptake into capillaries (pinocytosis)

Question 17

Renal medulla

Answer 17

• Generation of salt gradient
• Resorption of water
• Acid-base balance

Question 18

Alpha intercalated cells of collecting duct

Answer 18

Secrete H+

Question 19

B intercalated cells of collecting duct

Answer 19

Secrete HCO3-

Question 20

Light cells of collecting duct

Answer 20

Respond to antidiuretic hormone, increases H2O uptake

Question 21

ADH

Answer 21

Secreted by posterior pituitary, increase H2O uptake by collecting duct

Question 22

Diabetes insipidus

Answer 22

inability to make or respond to ADH, diluted urine

Question 23

Diabetes mellitus

Answer 23

Insulin deficiency leads to osmotic diuretics, glucose is osmotically active

Question 24

Renal calculi

Answer 24

precipitates of calcium oxalate uric acid precipitates

Blockage may cause hydronephrosis

Question 25

Blood pressure monitoring (2 ways)

Answer 25

- Arterial pressure in afferent arteriole (baroreceptor) | - Ion concentration in DCT (chemoreceptors)

Question 26

Juxtaglomerular apparatus make up (3)

Answer 26

1? JG cells 2- macula densa 3- Lacis cells

Question 27

Macula densa

Answer 27

Thickening of DCT next to afferent arteriole, responds to low salt concentration (low bp)

Question 28

JG cells

Answer 28

Respond to arterial pressure (baroreceptors) and macula densa, secrete renin

Question 29

Renin mechanism action

Answer 29

Cleaves angiotensinogen to Angiotensin I

Question 30

ACE

Answer 30

In the lungs, cleaves angiotensin I to angiotensin II

Question 31

Angiotensin II

Answer 31

Stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone (increase bp via water resorption) And Vasocontriction

Question 32

Aldosterone mechanism of action

Answer 32

Acts on DCT to increase sodium absorption

Question 33

Transitional epithelium (urothelium)

Answer 33

Pseudostratified with domed (umbrella) cells

Question 34

Ureter

Answer 34

Transitional epithelium with no muscularis mucosae, three layers of muscularis externa in distal 1/3