V - Civic Rights & Public Policies

Question 1

Civil Rights

Answer 1

Protections for individuals & groups from discrimination by gov’t or other individuals

Question 2

Civil Liberties

Answer 2

Constitutional protections against the gov’t

Question 3

The word “equality” was not mentioned in the Constitution until

Answer 3

1868

Question 4

Constitution implied equality because

Answer 4

the rights listed were not denied to one group

Question 5

14th Amendment

Answer 5

Forbids states from denying “equal protection of the laws”

Question 6

Equal protection clause

Answer 6

Has often been used to support the advancement of equality

Question 7

Courts have developed tests/ standards to

Answer 7

evaluate whether a law violates the equal protection clause

Question 8

A law must be reasonable

Answer 8

Law must not be arbitrary & reflect legitimate gov’t purpose

Question 9

Inherently suspect

Answer 9

Classifications based on race & ethnicity are seen as inherently suspect

Question 10

A law that is inherently suspect must be proven by

Answer 10

A compelling public interest

Demonstrate no other way to achieve the legitimate purpose of the law

Question 11

A law that is intermediate scrutiny must

Answer 11

discriminate based on gender that have a lower standard to meet

Question 12

Intermediate scrutiny law example

Answer 12

Law that only draft is constitutional

Question 13

American slavery

Answer 13

Lasted nearly 250 years in America

Question 14

In chattel slavery, slaves were considered to be

Answer 14

Properties

Question 15

Dred Scott v Sanford (1857)

Answer 15

Slaves were property with NO legal right under the Constitution

Question 16

13th Amendment (1865)

Answer 16

Banned slavery in US states & territories

Question 17

Era of Reconstruction (1865-1877)

Answer 17

Temporary progress towards racial equality for African Americans

Question 18

14th Amendment

Answer 18

States must protect rights & provide “equal protection of the law” & “due process”
Declared all persons born in the US as citizens

Question 19

15th Amendment

Answer 19

universal male suffrage

Right to vote could not be denied “on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude”

Question 20

Reconstruction officially ended in

Answer 20

the election of 1876

Question 21

The court has at times

Answer 21

Allowed the restriction of civil rights

Question 22

In the south, Jim Crow laws

Answer 22

legalized racial segregation

Question 23

De jure segregation

Answer 23

Segregation mandated by law

Question 24

De facto segregation

Answer 24

Segregation exists, not required by law

Question 25

De facto segregation occurred

Answer 25

largely in the north

Question 26

Until WWII, segregation was enforced by the federal gov't in

Answer 26

the military

Question 27

Civil Rights Cases (1883)

Answer 27

14th amendment did not prevent private businesses or individuals from racial discrimination

Question 28

Plessy v Ferguson (1896)

Answer 28

Segregation was not unconstitutional | "separate but equal"

Question 29

Truman EO 9981

Answer 29

Desegregate the armed forces

Question 30

Brown vs BoE I (1954)

Answer 30

Ruled that race based school segregation violated the 14th amendment's equal protection clauses Reversed "separate but equal"

Question 31

Brown vs BoE II (1955)

Answer 31

Public schools must desegregate "with all deliberate speed"

Question 32

Civil rights movement utilized

Answer 32

sustained non-violent disobedience to force change

Question 33

Television

Answer 33

Helped support for the movement

Question 34

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Answer 34

Discrimination by private business, state, or local gov't is illegal Can't discriminate in pubic accommodation and/or in employment

Question 35

Civil Rights Act of 1964 established the

Answer 35

Equal Employment Opportunity Commission that banned discrimination in employment & investigated violations

Question 36

15th Amendment (1870)

Answer 36

guaranteed voting rights to black MEN

Question 37

What methods were used to prevent black men from voting?

Answer 37

``` Literacy tests Poll taxes Grandfather clauses White primary Violence/ intimidation ```

Question 38

24th Amendment (1964)

Answer 38

Outlawed collection of poll taxes

Question 39

Voting Rights Act (1965)

Answer 39

Ended efforts to prevent African Americans from voting in the south (literacy test banned) Can't deny vote to a citizens because of race Enforced by federal officials

Question 40

Native Americans

Answer 40

oldest minority group

Question 41

Dawes Act of 1887

Answer 41

Banned Native American religions, required children to go to boarding schools (policy of assimilation)

Question 42

Indian Citizenship Act of 1924

Answer 42

Granted citizenship and right to vote | American Indian Movement fought discrimination

Question 43

Latinos (Hispanic Americans)

Answer 43

Largest minority group

Question 44

Hernandez v Texas (1954)

Answer 44

Texas can't stop Hispanics from serving on juries

Question 45

Present-day immigration issue

Answer 45

Undocumented immigration | Immigration policy

Question 46

Asian Americans

Answer 46

Also faced various forms of discrimination

Question 47

Chinese Exclusion Act (1883)

Answer 47

1st major restriction on immigration- race based

Question 48

Korematsu v US (1944)

Answer 48

Internment of over 100,000 Japanese American was constitutional

Question 49

Arab Americans & Muslims

Answer 49

Faced increased discrimination following 9/11

Question 50

Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments (1848)

Answer 50

Led by

Question 51

19th Amendment (1920)

Answer 51

Granted women's suffrage

Question 52

Post 19th Amendment (1920-1960)

Answer 52

Divergent goals of movement Equality in workplace Social feminist advocated for morality in public life

Question 53

Equal Rights Amendment (1923)

Answer 53

Views by some as threat to family

Question 54

Second Feminist Wave

Answer 54

Revitalized women's movement grew during 1950's, 1960's

Question 55

Betty Friedan

Answer 55

Created National Organization for Women | Campaigned for Equal Rights Amendment

Question 56

Equal Rights Amendment

Answer 56

fell 3 states short of ratification in 1972

Question 57

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Answer 57

Prohibited emplotment gender discrimination

Question 58

Equal Pay Act of 1963

Answer 58

Made it illegal to pay men & women different wages if they perform equal work in same workplace

Question 59

Title IX of Education Act of 1972

Answer 59

Bans gender discrimination in education programs receiving federal money (including athletics)

Question 60

Sexual Harrassment

Answer 60

Prohibited by Civil Rights Act of 1964 | Retaliation by employers is illegal

Question 61

Women in military

Answer 61

Serve in all branches of military | Only men are required to register for the draft

Question 62

14th Amendment's equal protection clause

Answer 62

Used to fight discrimination

Question 63

Graying of America

Answer 63

Some protections against age discrimination

Question 64

Americans with Disabilities Act (1990)

Answer 64

Mandated "reasonable accommodations" to be made for access to public facilities Prohibited employment discrimination against the disabled

Question 65

Stonewall Riots (1969)

Answer 65

Gave rise to modern gay rights movement

Question 66

Bowers v Hardwick (1986)

Answer 66

Ruled that states could legally forbid sex between same sex couples

Question 67

Lawrence v Texas (2003)

Answer 67

States can't forbid private sexual conduct since this is a violation of right to privacy

Question 68

"Don't ask, don't tell" policy ended in

Answer 68

2011

Question 69

Obergefell v Hodges (2015)

Answer 69

Same sex couples have a constitutional right to marry

Question 70

Affirmative Action

Answer 70

Giving priority to groups who were previously discriminated against

Question 71

Goal of Affirmative Action

Answer 71

Increase opportunities

Question 72

Why is Affirmative Action controversial?

Answer 72

Considered "reverse discrimination"

Question 73

Regents of University of California v Bakke (1978)

Answer 73

UC Davis had quotas for number of disadvantaged groups to be admitted Court ruled that racial quotas are unconstitutional But race can be used as a criterion for admission

Question 74

California Proposition 209

Answer 74

Banned state affirmative action programs

Question 75

14th Amendment's requirement that no state denies the "equal protection of the laws" has allowed for

Answer 75

substantial progress to be made in the realm of civil rights

Question 76

Protecting & enforcing civil rights has led to a large increase in the

Answer 76

Power & size of gov't

Question 77

What legislations has increased the power & size of gov't?

Answer 77

14th Amendment Brown v Board of Education Civil Rights act of 1964 Voting Rights Acts of 1965