Values

Question 1

what is the definition of values, and what attributes does it have and why is it important ?

Answer 1

Values (Re-defined): Basic convictions about preferable modes of conduct or end-states of existence.

Content Attribute: The specific mode/end-state.

Intensity Attribute: How important it is.

Importance: Basis for attitudes, motivation, perception. Pre-existing values can cloud objectivity or conflict with organisational values.

Question 2

explain the Rokeach value system

Answer 2

Terminal Values: Desirable end-states/life goals (e.g., a comfortable life, freedom).

Instrumental Values: Preferable behaviours/means to achieve terminal values (e.g., honesty, ambition).

Question 3

what is Hofstede’s Framework and what does it consist of

Answer 3

Hofstede notes that values differ across cultures.

• Hofstede’s Framework for assessing culture – five value dimensions:
  (they say 5 they cher 6?)
• Power Distance
• Individualism vs. Collectivism
• Masculinity vs. Femininity
• Uncertainty Avoidance
• Long-term vs. Short-term Orientation
• Restraint vs Indulgence

Question 4

Explain Hodstede’s Framework

Answer 4

Power Distance: Acceptance of unequal power distribution. (High = unequal accepted; Low = more equality expected).

Individualism vs. Collectivism: Preference for acting as individuals vs. as group members.

Masculinity vs. Femininity: Societal value on achievement, power, control (Masculinity) vs. less differentiation in roles, valuing relationships (Femininity).

Uncertainty Avoidance: Societal feeling of threat by ambiguous situations and desire to avoid them. (High = dislikes ambiguity; Low = embraces ambiguity).

Long-term vs. Short-term Orientation: Emphasis on future, thrift, persistence (Long-term) vs. present, here-and-now (Short-term).

Indulgence vs. Restraint: Allowing free gratification of basic drives (Indulgence) vs. regulating through strict social norms (Restraint).