ventricles

Question 1

how many ventricles ?

Answer 1

2 lateral
3rd
4th ventricle

Question 2

where is the CSF made ?

Answer 2

by ependymal cells in the choroidal plexus

Question 3

where is the CSF drained ?

Answer 3

superior sagittal sinus then to the venous system

Question 4

what is a chororid plexus cyst ?

Answer 4

normal finding in utereo ultrasound but associated with chromosomal abnormalities

Question 5

what is hydrocephalus and what are the types ?

Answer 5

dilatation of the ventricles due to excessive accumulation of the CSF
there is the communicating and the non communicating type

Question 6

what is th difference between communicating and non communicating hydrocephalus ?

Answer 6

communicating means fe taree2 between the ventricles and the CSF is not being absorbed

non communicating means there is a blockage to the flow

Question 7

what is the key sign associated with communicating hydrocephalus ?

Answer 7

papilledema along with dilatation of all the ventricles

Question 8

what is the usual scenario associated with communicating hydrocephalus ?

Answer 8

meningitis causing hydrocephalus where the mechanism is failure of CSF reabsorption by the arachnoid granules

Question 9

what are the causes of non communicating hydrocephalus ?

Answer 9

structural obstruction usually caused by a tumor of by aqueductal stenosis

Question 10

what is aqueductal stenosis ?

Answer 10

stenosis between the 3rd and 4th ventricle , which can be caused by a colloid cyst
caused by inflammation due to intrauterine infections , present with an enlarged head circumfrence

Question 11

what is the chiairi 2 malformation ?

Answer 11

herniation of both the brainstem and the cerebellum through the foramen magnum causing hydrochephalus

Question 12

what is chiairi 2 malformation commonly associated with ?

Answer 12

myelomeningocele - a type of neural tube defect , where there is failure of the spine and meninges to close around the cord - herniates through bony defect

Question 13

what is the dandy walker malformation ?

Answer 13

absent vermis of the cerebellum along with cytic dilatation of the 4th ventricle
associated with non communicating hydrocephalus and spina bifida and motor dysfunction

Question 14

what is chiairi 1 malformation associated with ?

Answer 14

syringomyelia

Question 15

what is pseudotumor cerebri ?

Answer 15

increased ICP with no known cause
can be associated with obesity , isotretinoin use, OCP hypervitaminosis

Question 16

what is the typical presentation associated with pseudotumor cerebri ?

Answer 16

papiloedema
headache
pulsatile tinnitus

Question 17

how is a diagnosis of pseudotumor cerebri made and what is the treatment ?

Answer 17

diagnosis : spinal tap - to measure the pressure
tx : acetazolamide

Question 18

what is the typical presentation associated with normal pressure hydrocephalus ?

Answer 18

wet wobbly and wacky
normal pressure on LP
urinary incontinence , gait disturbances, dementia

Question 19

what is the mechanism disrupted in association with NPH ?

Answer 19

impingement of the corona radiata

Question 20

what is the treatment for NPH ?

Answer 20

VP shunt

Question 21

what is hydrocephalus ex vacuo ?

Answer 21

appearance of enlarged ventricles but its not a CSF problem , associated with loss of brain tissue around the ventricles

the enlargement of the ventricles is in proportion to the increase in the size of the sulci

Question 22

what are common causes associated with hydrocephalus ex vaco ?

Answer 22

alzeheimers and schizo

Question 23

what is the most common cause of congenital stenosis ?

Answer 23

aqueductal stenosis
congenital toxoplasmosis

Question 24

what drains blood from the cerebral veins ?

Answer 24

dural sinuses and empty into the internal jugular vein

Question 25

which of the sinuses recieve CSF ?

Answer 25

superior sagittal

Question 26

where does the cavernous sinus empty into ?

Answer 26

internal jugular vein

Question 27

what are the structures inside the cavernous sinus ?

Answer 27

O TOM CAT oculomotor nerve trochlear nerve ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal maxillary of trigeminal internal carotid artery abducens

Question 28

what is cavernous sinus syndrome ?

Answer 28

compression by tumor or thrombosis associated with headache opthalmoplegia horner's syndrome sensory loss

Question 29

what are the complications associated with cavernous sinus thrombosis ?

Answer 29

infected by staph aureus due to lack of valve in in the dural sinus

Question 30

what is an AV malformation ?

Answer 30

abnormal high flow connection between an artery and a vein

Question 31

what are the brain defects associated with AV malformation ?

Answer 31

usually result in vein of galen enlargement