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Sketchy Medical > Viruses: RNA Negative Sense Viruses > Flashcards

Viruses: RNA Negative Sense Viruses Flashcards

1
Q

List the RNA negative sense viruses

A
  1. Influenza
  2. Measles
  3. Mumps
  4. RSV
  5. Parainfluenza
  6. Rabies
  7. Ebola
  8. Hantavirus
  9. California Encephalitis Virus
  10. Rift Valley Fever Virus
  11. Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus
  12. Rotavirus
  13. Colorado Tick Fever Virus
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2
Q

List the RNA negative sense virus families

A
  1. Orthomyxoviridae
  2. Paramyxoviridae
  3. Rhabdoviridae
  4. Filoviridae
  5. Bunyaviridae
  6. Arenaviridae
  7. Reoviridae
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3
Q

Influenzavirus

A
  1. negative sense
  2. RNA virus
  3. Orthomyxoviridae
  4. enveloped
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4
Q

viruses in the Orthomyxoviridae family

A

Influenzavirus A, B, and C

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5
Q

orthomyxoviruses (i.e. Influenzavirus) replicate

A

inside the nucleus of host cells

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6
Q

the genomes of orthomyxoviruses (i.e. Influenzavirus) are comprised of

A

8 RNA segments

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7
Q

antigenic drift of orthomyxoviruses

A

antigenic drift of orthomyxoviruses (i.e. Influenzavirus) occurs due to point mutations in the viral genome, leading to changes in the hemagglutinin (HA) or neuraminidase (NA) glycoproteins (antigenic drift is associated with epidemics (i.e. the seasonal flu))

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8
Q

antigenic shift of orthomyxoviruses

A

antigenic shift of orthomyxoviruses (i.e. Influenzavirus) occurs when segments of the genomes from different viruses (or strains of a virus) combine to form a novel genome, which results in variations of virulence factors such as hemagglutinin and neuraminidase (antigenic shift is associated with pandemics)

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9
Q

the genomes of orthomyxoviruses (i.e. Influenzavirus) can

A

the genomes of orthomyxoviruses (i.e. Influenzavirus) can undergo significant genetic changes due to reassortment of the RNA segments (antigenic shift), resulting in variations of virulence factors such as hemagglutinin and neuraminidase

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10
Q

the antigenic variation exhibited by orthomyxoviruses (i.e. Influenzavirus) occurs as a result of

A

genetic drift and genetic shift

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11
Q

Influenzavirus possesses

A

the glycoprotein hemagglutinin (HA), which promotes viral entry into host cells

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12
Q

the hemagglutinin (HA) of Influenzavirus

A

the hemagglutinin (HA) of Influenzavirus binds host cell sialic acid residues

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13
Q

a variety of hemagglutinin (HA) glycoproteins are expressed by influenza viruses

A

a variety of hemagglutinin (HA) glycoproteins are expressed by influenza viruses; H1, H2, and H3 are seen in influenza viruses that infect humans (the hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein determines cell tropism (or what cells influenza viruses are able to infect))

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14
Q

the M2 proton channel of Influenza A virus

A

the M2 proton channel of Influenza A virus regulates hydrogen ion concentration around the virus, producing the proper pH for viral uncoating

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15
Q

amantadine/rimantadine

A

amantadine/rimantadine inhibit the M2 proton channel of Influenza A virus, impeding viral uncoating

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16
Q

Influenzavirus possesses neuraminidase (NA)

A

Influenzavirus possesses neuraminidase (NA), which cleaves sialic acid residues, leading to release of the virus from host cells

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17
Q

nfluenzavirus possesses the _________ enzyme

A

neuraminidase

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18
Q

oseltamivir/zanamivir (Tamiflu)

A

oseltamivir/zanamivir (Tamiflu) (an antiviral agent that can inhibit neuraminidase (NA) of Influenzavirus)

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19
Q

oseltamivir/zanamivir (Tamiflu) inhibit

A

neuraminidase (NA), preventing the release of Influenzavirus from the host cell

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20
Q

Influenzavirus is transmitted via

A

respiratory droplets

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21
Q

______ vaccine can be administered to prevent Influenzavirus infection

A
  1. a killed injectable vaccine

2. intranasal live vaccine

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22
Q

______ is a major complication of influenza

A

pneumonia

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23
Q

patients are more susceptible to _________ during or after Influenzavirus infection

A

patients are more susceptible to pneumonia caused by bacterial pathogens (such as Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae) during or after Influenzavirus infection

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24
Q

_______ is contraindicated in children with viral illnesses, such as influenza, due to possible development of Reye’s syndrome

A

aspirin

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25
Q

Reye’s syndrome can present with

A

encephalopathy, fatty liver change, and hepatic failure

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26
Q

Reye’s syndrome has been linked with

A

aspirin use during a viral illness, such as influenza

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27
Q

the influenza vaccine is associated with

A

Guillain-Barre syndrome, which classically presents with ascending paralysis

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28
Q

Paramyxoviridae

A
  1. negative sense
  2. RNA viruses
  3. enveloped
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29
Q

paramyxoviruses include

A
  1. measles virus
  2. mumps virus
  3. respiratory syncytial virus
  4. parainfluenza virus
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30
Q

paramyxoviruses (i.e. measles virus, mumps virus, respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza virus) are transmitted via

A

respiratory droplets

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31
Q

the MMR vaccine is a live attenuated vaccine administered to prevent

A

measles, mumps, and rubella

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32
Q

________ is a contraindication for the MMR vaccine

A

pregnancy

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33
Q

measles virus

A
  1. negative sense
  2. RNA viruses
  3. enveloped
  4. paramyxoviridae
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34
Q

measles is sometimes referred to as

A

rubeola

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35
Q

measles can present with

A
  1. cough
  2. coryza
  3. conjunctivitis
  4. Koplik spots
  5. fever over 40 °C (104 °F)
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36
Q

Koplik spots appear as

A

small bluish-white spots on the buccal mucosa and are pathognomonic of measles

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37
Q

the maculopapular rash seen in measles

A
  1. starts on the face and moves inferiorly

2. likely to be confluent

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38
Q

______ is a complication of measles

A

pneumonia

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39
Q

subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is

A

subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is a rare complication of measles characterized by progressive brain inflammation

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40
Q

subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is a serious complication of the

A

measles

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41
Q

measles virus possesses

A
  1. the glycoprotein hemagglutinin (HA), which promotes viral entry into host cells
  2. fusion protein, which plays a role in the formation of syncytia (or multinucleated giant cells)
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42
Q

________ reduces the risk of complications of the measles

A

Vitamin A

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43
Q

mumps virus

A
  1. negative sense
  2. RNA viruses
  3. enveloped
  4. paramyxoviridae
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44
Q

mumps virus replicates in the

A

parotid salivary glands, which results in parotitis

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45
Q

mumps infection can progress to

A
  1. orchitis in men (the testicular inflammation is more commonly unilateral)
  2. meningitis
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46
Q

the MMR vaccine includes

A

live attenuated mumps virus

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47
Q

mumps virus possesses

A
  1. the glycoprotein hemagglutinin (HA), which promotes viral entry into host cells
  2. fusion protein, which plays a role in the formation of syncytia (or multinucleated giant cells)
  3. neuraminidase, which cleaves sialic acid residues, leading to release of the virus from host cells
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48
Q

respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)

A
  1. negative sense
  2. RNA viruses
  3. enveloped
  4. paramyxoviridae
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49
Q

RSV commonly affects

A

infants less than 6 months of age

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50
Q

RSV infects

A

respiratory epithelial cells via G protein attachment

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51
Q

RSV is the most common cause of

A

pneumonia and bronchiolitis in infants

52
Q

respiratory syncytial virus possesses

A

usion protein, which plays a role in the formation of syncytia (or multinucleated giant cells)

53
Q

_______ can be used to treat RSV infections

A

ribavirin

54
Q

__________ is used to prevent RSV disease in high risk children

A

palivizumab (a monoclonal IgG antibody)

55
Q

parainfluenza virus

A
  1. negative sense
  2. RNA viruses
  3. enveloped
  4. paramyxoviridae
56
Q

parainfluenza virus is the cause of

A

croup, which is characterized by a “barking” cough (often compared to the call of a seal)

57
Q

parainfluenza virus possesses

A

parainfluenza virus possesses the virulence factors hemagglutinin (HA), neuraminidase (NA), and fusion protein

58
Q

chest X-ray of patients with croup may show

A

chest X-ray of patients with croup may show the “steeple sign,” which occurs due to subglottic trachea narrowing

59
Q

______ is a common cause of inspiratory stridor

A

croup

60
Q

rabies virus

A
  1. negative sense
  2. RNA
  3. Rhabdoviridae
  4. enveloped
61
Q

the capsule of viruses in the Rhabdoviridae family (i.e. rabies virus) appears

A

bullet-shaped on electron microscopy

62
Q

the capsid of viruses in the Rhabdoviridae family (i.e. rabies virus) is

A

helical

63
Q

______ are the number one carrier of the rabies virus in the United States

A

bats

64
Q

_____ are common carriers of the rabies virus

A
  1. skunks
  2. raccoons
  3. foxes
65
Q

a rhabdovirus glycoprotein binds

A

nicotinic acetylcholine receptors

66
Q

a rhabdovirus glycoprotein binds nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the

A

postsynaptic membrane of the neuromuscular junction

67
Q

the rabies virus travels

A
  1. retrograde along peripheral nerves to the CNS

2. to the dorsal root ganglia before spreading to the brain

68
Q

the rabies virus replicates in

A

motor neurons

69
Q

rabies can present with

A

fever, foaming of saliva, and encephalitis

70
Q

eosinophilic Negri bodies are pathognomonic for

A

rabies and can be seen in neural tissue upon microscopy

71
Q

Negri bodies are commonly found in

A

hippocampal pyramidal nerve cells infected with the rabies virus

72
Q

Negri bodies can be found in

A

Purkinje cells infected with the rabies virus

73
Q

eosinophilic Negri bodies can be found in

A

Purkinje cells infected with the rabies virus

74
Q

_______ should be administered after exposure to the rabies virus

A

passive immunization should be administered after exposure to the rabies virus

75
Q

_______ should be administered after exposure to the rabies virus for development of active immunity

A

an inactivated (killed) vaccine should be administered after exposure to the rabies virus for development of active immunity

76
Q

Filoviruses

A
  1. ebolavirus

2. marburgvirus

77
Q

Filoviruses

A
  1. RNA Virus
  2. Negative Sense virus
  3. enveloped
78
Q

the capsids of filoviruses (i.e. Ebolavirus, Marburgvirus) are

A

helical

79
Q

Marburg virus

A
  1. RNA Virus
  2. Negative Sense virus
  3. enveloped
  4. Filoviridae
80
Q

Ebola virus

A
  1. RNA Virus
  2. Negative Sense virus
  3. enveloped
  4. Filoviridae
81
Q

Marburg virus and Ebola virus infections may present with

A

petechial rash and fever

82
Q

Marburg virus and Ebola virus can cause

A

hemorrhagic fever

83
Q

hemorrhagic fever caused by Marburg virus or Ebola virus can result in

A

end-organ failure

84
Q

Marburg virus and Ebola virus infections can lead to

A

hypovolemic shock

85
Q

Marburg virus and Ebola virus are likely transmitted via

A

primates

86
Q

_____ may be a reservoir for Marburg virus and Ebola virus

Symbols

A

bats

87
Q

healthcare workers who care for patients infected with Marburg virus or Ebola virus are at a high risk of

A

infection

88
Q

bunyaviruses include

A
  1. hantavirus
  2. California encephalitis virus
  3. Rift Valley fever virus
89
Q

bunyaviruses (i.e. hantavirus, California encephalitis virus, Rift Valley fever virus) are

A
  1. RNA viruses
  2. Negative sense
  3. enveloped
90
Q

bunyaviruses (i.e. hantavirus, California encephalitis virus, Rift Valley fever virus) obtain their envelopes from

A

the Golgi body membrane of host cells

91
Q

the genomes of bunyaviruses (i.e. hantavirus, California encephalitis virus, Rift Valley fever virus) are comprised of

A

three circular RNA segments

92
Q

hantavirus

A
  1. RNA viruses
  2. Negative sense
  3. Bunyaviruses
  4. enveloped
93
Q

hantavirus (an RNA virus in the Bunyaviridae family) is transmitted via

A

the feces, urine, and saliva of rodents

94
Q

hantavirus infection may lead to

A

pulmonary edema due to increased capillary permeability

95
Q

hantavirus infection may cause

A

hypotension leading to prerenal azotemia or acute renal failure

96
Q

hantavirus may cause

A

hemorrhagic fever

97
Q

California encephalitis virus and Rift Valley fever virus

A
  1. RNA viruses
  2. Negative sense
  3. Bunyaviruses
  4. enveloped
98
Q

California encephalitis virus and Rift Valley fever virus infections can lead to

A

encephalitis and seizures

99
Q

_______ is the vector of California encephalitis virus and Rift Valley fever virus

A

the Aedes mosquito

100
Q

most bunyaviruses (i.e. California encephalitis virus, Rift Valley fever virus) are

A

arboviruses (viruses that are arthropod-borne); an important exception is hantaviruses, which are rodent-borne

101
Q

arenaviruses include

A

are RNA viruses

102
Q

arenaviruses

A
  1. RNA virus
  2. Negative Sense
  3. enveloped
  4. helical capsid
103
Q

arenaviruses (i.e. lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus) are often classified as

A

negative-sense RNA viruses (but also harbor sections of positive-sense RNA)

104
Q

arenaviruses (i.e. lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus) possess both positive and negative-sense RNA sections, making them

A

ambisense

105
Q

the genomes of arenaviruses (i.e. lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus) contains

A

two RNA segments

106
Q

arenaviruses (i.e. lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus) appear

A

grainy when visualized by electron microscopy

107
Q

_____ are the reservoir for arenaviruses (i.e. lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus)

A

rodents

108
Q

lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus

A

an ambisense RNA virus in the Arenaviridae family

109
Q

lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection may lead to

A

aseptic meningoencephalitis

110
Q

lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection may present with

A

fever

111
Q

arenaviruses (i.e. lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus) can be inactivated by

A
  1. heat

2. irradiation

112
Q

reoviruses include

A
  1. Rotavirus

2. Colorado tick fever virus

113
Q

Reoviruses

A
  1. RNA
  2. Negative sense
  3. naked viruses
114
Q

the genomes of reoviruses (i.e. Rotavirus, Colorado tick fever virus) is comprised of

A

an average of 11 RNA segments (but can be anywhere between 9-12)

115
Q

reoviruses (Rotavirus, Colorado tick fever virus) are

A

double-stranded RNA viruses (and therefore are both positive- and negative-sense)

116
Q

Rotavirus

A

a double-stranded RNA virus in the Reoviridae family

117
Q

Rotavirus infection can present with

A

watery diarrhea

118
Q

the NSP4 enterotoxin of Rotavirus

A
  1. causes secretory (watery) diarrhea

2. increases chloride permeability, which results in secretory diarrhea

119
Q

the peak incidence of Rotavirus gastroenteritis occurs in

A

winter

120
Q

____ are at increased risk for Rotavirus infection

A

children

121
Q

Rotavirus is the number one cause of

A

severe diarrhea in young children

122
Q

Colorado tick fever virus

A

a double-stranded RNA virus in the Reoviridae family

123
Q

Colorado tick fever virus infection can present with

A

vomiting, fever, and myalgias

124
Q

the treatment for Rotavirus gastroenteritis is

A

oral rehydration therapy and supportive care

125
Q

the rotavirus vaccine

A

the rotavirus vaccine is a live attenuated vaccine that is administered orally

126
Q

the rotavirus vaccine can cause

A

the rotavirus vaccine can cause intussusception (telescoping of the bowel) that can lead to bloody diarrhea and bowel necrosis

Sketchy Medical (46 decks)

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