visual and sensory issues exam 4

Question 1

what is a hordeolum

Answer 1

A sty
infection of the oil-producing gland in the lid margin

usually caused by bacteria Spah aureus

Question 2

conjunctivitis

Answer 2

“pink eye”

infection or inflammation of conjunctiva (eyelid)

Question 3

keratitis

Answer 3

inflammation or infection of the cornea

Question 4

etiology of keratitis

Answer 4

bacteria - contact lens wearers higher risk

amoeba - contaminated contact lens

viral - herpes virus

Question 5

complications of keratitis

Answer 5

extremely painful
constant feeling of something in your eye
can lead to blindness

Question 6

keraconjunctivitis sicca

Answer 6

dry eye disorder

-complaint of “sand in my eye”

Question 7

etiology dry eye

Answer 7

aging, Sjogren’s syndrome, other systemic

Question 8

what are cataracts

Answer 8

cloudy lens
gradual onset of painless blurry vision
if left untreated may end in blindness

Question 9

risk factors for cataracts

Answer 9

older age
eye trauma 
congenital risk 
diabetes 
corticosteroid use 
smoking and ETOH consumption

Question 10

manifestations of cataracts

Answer 10

painless
uni- or bilateral vision changes 
-blurry
-halo around lights
-altered color perceptions
-glare issues at night
-decreased accomodation

Question 11

diabetic retinopathy

Answer 11

about 40% of pt. with DM over the age of 40 have DM retinopathy

Question 12

what is nonproliferative retinopathy

Answer 12

capillary microaneurysms, retinal swelling, hard exudate
macular edema - plasma leaks from macular blood vessels
capillaries rupture, leading to “dot or blot” hemorrhaging

Question 13

proliferative retinopathy

Answer 13

nonproliferative plus

new blood vessels that are fragile and leaky

Question 14

hypertensive retinopathy

Answer 14

high blood pressure creates blockages in retinal blood vessels
-initially there is no vision changes

Question 15

what can severe HTN cause

Answer 15

sudden visual loss related to swelling of the optic disc and nerve

Question 16

detached retina

Answer 16

retina has a tear or leak
vitreous humor flows behind retina
rapid, progressive detachment from the choroid

Question 17

causes of detached retina

Answer 17

more likely in people who has myopia (nearsightedness)
over 40
traumas to the head

Question 18

manifestations of detached retina

Answer 18

sudden, unilateral vision loss
painless
may see floaters
flashes of light

Question 19

what is the most common cause of irreversible vision loss in people over 60

Answer 19

macular degeneration

Question 20

risk factors for macular degeneration

Answer 20

family history, genetics, UV light, hyperopia (farsightedness), smoking, light-colored eyes

Question 21

what is a food that is seen as protection against macular degeneration

Answer 21

dark green leafy veggies

Question 22

dry macular degeneration

Answer 22

yellow deposits in the retinal pigment epithelium

Question 23

wet macular degeneration

Answer 23

growth of new, leaky blood vessels in an abnormal location of the retina

Question 24

S/S of macular degeneration

Answer 24

early on - usually no symptoms

later: blurred, darkened vision
- blind spots
- distorted vision

treatment is limited

Question 25

glaucoma

Answer 25

elevated intraocular pressure PLUS vision changes OR optic nerve damage usually bilateral eye involvement

Question 26

open angle glaucoma pathogenesis

Answer 26

abnormal trabecular meshwork - reduced drainage of aqueous humor into canal of Schlemm - imbalance between inflow and outflow results in increased IOP and vision problems

Question 27

closed angle glaucoma

Answer 27

abnormal angle between the iris and later cornea | outflow is blocked when the pupil is DILATED

Question 28

risk factors of open angle glaucoma

Answer 28

``` elevated IOP age - older race: african-americans family history myopia (nearsightedness) DM, HTN, migraines ```

Question 29

Manifestations of open angle glaucoma

Answer 29

``` none usually progressive loss of sight vague eye pain halos around lights tunnel vision ```

Question 30

risk factors of closed angle glaucoma

Answer 30

``` asian american females hyperopia (farsightedness) family history olderage ```

Question 31

what can trigger an acute episode of closed angle glaucoma

Answer 31

anticholinergic drugs

Question 32

acute closed angle glaucoma manifestations

Answer 32

``` unilateral severe eye pain nausea and vomiting blurry vision, halos reddened eyes dilated pupil cloudy cornea ```

Question 33

how do you keep optic topical agent localized

Answer 33

use nasolacrimal pressure | hold pressure for 2 min

Question 34

what are the optic topical beta blockers

Answer 34

timolol [nonselective] and betaxolol [B1 receptor]

Question 35

MOA for timolol & betaxolol

Answer 35

block sympathetic nervous system stimulation of beta receptors

Question 36

indication for timolol & betaxolol

Answer 36

open angle glaucoma maintenance treatment acute angle closure - need drops asap + other intervention

Question 37

SE for timolol & betaxolol

Answer 37

transient burning & discomfort

Question 38

considerations for timolol & betaxolol

Answer 38

timolol - can not give to COPD, asthma, heart issues must use nasolacrimal pressure

Question 39

what drug is a prostaglandin analog

Answer 39

latanoprost

Question 40

MOA for latanoprost

Answer 40

increases outflow drainage of aqueous humor

Question 41

indications for latanoprost

Answer 41

open angle glaucoma | ocular hypertension

Question 42

SE of latanoprost

Answer 42

well tolerated

Question 43

drug in alpha-adrenergic agonist class

Answer 43

brimonidine

Question 44

MOA of brimonidine

Answer 44

decreases AH production, may increase drainage/outflow

Question 45

indication for brimonidine

Answer 45

used for open-angle glaucoma and increased intraocular pressure

Question 46

SE of brimonidine

Answer 46

burning/stinging dry mouth fatigue, H/A, blurred vision, hypotension

Question 47

drugs in carbonic anhydrase inhibitor class

Answer 47

dozolamide

Question 48

MOA for dozolamide

Answer 48

decreased production of aqueous humor

Question 49

Indications for dozolamide

Answer 49

second-line treatment for open angle and increased IOP

Question 50

SE of dozolamide

Answer 50

stinging bitter taste allergic reactions

Question 51

meniere disease

Answer 51

endolymphatic hydrops episodic disorder of middle ear excessive pressure can disrupt vestibular and hearing function