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Neuroanatomy Lecture > Visual System > Flashcards

Visual System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three layers of the eyeball?

A

fibrous tubic, vascular tunic, and retina

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2
Q

What does the fibrous tunic serve as (function)?

A

as an attachment of extraocular muscles

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3
Q

What is the fibrous tunic made up of?

A

dense connective tissue

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4
Q

What structures are part of the fibrous tunic?

A

the sclera and cornea

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5
Q

Why is the cornea transparent?

A

because the stroma is regularly arranged

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6
Q

Are there nerves or blood vessels in the cornea or both?

A

there are only nerves in the cornea

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7
Q

What is keratitis?

A

inflammation of the cornea

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8
Q

What is the difference between ulcerative keratitis and keratitis?

A

in ulcerative keratitis the corneal stroma is also affected

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9
Q

What are the structures of the vascular tunic?

A

chorid, ciliary body, and iris

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10
Q

What is the function of the chorid?

A

it provides nutritive function to the outer retina

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11
Q

What is the chorid made out of?

A

loose connective tissue

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12
Q

The choroid is pigmented, what does that allow it to do?

A

absorb stray photons of light

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13
Q

What part of the choroid is not pigmented?

A

the tapetum lucidim

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14
Q

What is the function of the tapetum lucidum?

A

it reflects light enhancing low light vision

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15
Q

Where is the tapetum lucidim located?

A

in the dorsal portion of the choroid

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16
Q

What is the choriocapillary layer and where is it located?

A

it is a bed of capillaries adjacent to the retina

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17
Q

What does the ciliary epithelium do?

A

secretes aqueous humor

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18
Q

What do the ciliary processes of the ciliary body do?

A

they hold the lens in place

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19
Q

What are the ciliary processes attached to the lens with?

A

zonular fibers

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20
Q

What is the ciliary muscle innervated by?

A

the ciliary ganglion

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21
Q

What is the function of the ciliary muscle?

A

it focuses light by changing thickness of the lens

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22
Q

What does the contraction of the ciliary muscle do?

A

it releases pressure on the lense

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23
Q

What does relaxation of the ciliary muscle do?

A

it stretches the lens

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24
Q

Where is the iris located?

A

rostral to the lens

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25
Q

What does the iris form?

A

the pupil

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26
Q

What does the iris deterine?

A

eye color

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27
Q

What muscles are located in the iris?

A

pupillary constrictors and dilators

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28
Q

What type of innervation controls pupillary constriction?

A

parasympathetic innervation from the occulomotor

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29
Q

What type of innervation controls pupillary dilation?

A

sympathetic innervation from the trigeminal nerve

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30
Q

What type of arrangement is the pupillary constrictor?

A

it is circularly arranged

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31
Q

What type of arrangement is the pupillary dilator?

A

it is radially arranged

32
Q

Where is the retina located?

A

it is the innermost tunic of the globe

33
Q

What are the layers of the retina?

A

rods and cones, outer nuclear, inner nuclear, and ganglion

34
Q

What does the outer nuclear layer contain?

A

photoreceptors

35
Q

What does the inner nuclear layer contain?

A

inner retinal neurons

36
Q

What does the ganglino layer contain?

A

retinal ganglion cells

37
Q

Where is the blind spot of the eye?

A

where the optic nerve head is

38
Q

What is located in the optic nerve head?

A

the optic disk

39
Q

What provides blood supply to the inner retina?

A

vessels that enter and exit through the optic nerve head

40
Q

What provides blood supply to the outer retina?

A

the choroid

41
Q

What are the chambers of the eye?

A

anterior chamber, posterior chamber, and posterior segment

42
Q

Which chamber is filled with aqueous humor?

A

the anterior and posterior chamber

43
Q

What chamber is filled with vitreous humor?

A

the posterior segment

44
Q

What provides intraocular pressure?

A

intraocular fluid

45
Q

What causes glaucoma?

A

increased intraocular pressure which leads to death of retinal ganglion cells

46
Q

What are the outersegments like for rods?

A

long

47
Q

What are the outersegments like for cones?

A

short and cone-like

48
Q

Why do rods and cones have different pigments?

A

because they absorb light at different wavelengths

49
Q

Do cones work better in the light or dark and why?

A

in the light because in the dark there is not enough light to activate them

50
Q

Do rods work in light?

A

nope

51
Q

What does high acuity vision require?

A

a high concentration of cones

52
Q

What is the fovea or area centralis?

A

where cones bunch together closely

53
Q

Are there more rods or cones in the eye?

A

rods

54
Q

What is phototransduction?

A

the process of a photon of light being transduced into something the brain can understand

55
Q

Where can the nucelus of a cell body of the rod/cone be found in?

A

the outer nuclear layer

56
Q

What is rhodopsin?

A

opsin plus chromaphore

57
Q

What is rhodopsin involved in?

A

phototransduction

58
Q

How does rhodopsin work in phototransduction?

A

the chromophore in rhodopsin absorbs light and then isomerizes

59
Q

What can cause retinal degeneration?

A

retinal detachment, vitamin A deficiency, inhereted recessive genes, tauring deficiency, and mutations in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE 65)

60
Q

How do you evaluate retinal function?

A

electroretinography, fundus images, or optical coherence tomography

61
Q

What is the track of visual projection?

A

lights leave the retina via the optic nerve, go to the optic chiasm, and then go to the optic tract

62
Q

What are the major visual targets?

A

lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus, pretectal nucleus, and rostral colliculus

63
Q

What is the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus in charge of?

A

conscious perception

64
Q

What does the lateral geniculate nucleus relay information to?

A

the cortex

65
Q

What does the pretectal nucleus project to?

A

the parasympathetic nucleus of III

66
Q

What reflex is the pretectal nucleus in charge of?

A

the pupillary light reflex

67
Q

Where is the rostral colliculus located?

A

caudal to the pretectal nucleus in the tectum of the midbrain

68
Q

What does the rostral colliculus mediate?

A

visual reflexes from both eyes

69
Q

What descending tracts are associated with the rostral colliculus?

A

the contralateral tectospinal and tectotegmentospinal tract

70
Q

What reflex is the rostral colliculus associated with?

A

the body ocular reflex

71
Q

What is the body ocular reflex?

A

when the eyes and upper body orient towards the object that suddenly enters the visual field

72
Q

What does the rostral colliculus project to?

A

the motor nuclei of III, IV, VI, the tectospinal tract, the motor nucleus of XI, and spinal nerves from the cervical cord

73
Q

What is the direct response of the pupillary light reflex?

A

when the pupil contracts in the eye that the light is shown in

74
Q

What is the consensual response of the pupillary light reflex?

A

when the pupil contracts in the eye that light is not shown in

75
Q

What structures are involved in pupillary dilation?

A

rostral colliculus and descending tract of the lateral funiculus

Neuroanatomy Lecture (17 decks)

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