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Neuroanatomy Lecture > Visual System > Flashcards

Visual System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three layers of the eyeball?

A

fibrous tubic, vascular tunic, and retina

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2
Q

What does the fibrous tunic serve as (function)?

A

as an attachment of extraocular muscles

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3
Q

What is the fibrous tunic made up of?

A

dense connective tissue

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4
Q

What structures are part of the fibrous tunic?

A

the sclera and cornea

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5
Q

Why is the cornea transparent?

A

because the stroma is regularly arranged

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6
Q

Are there nerves or blood vessels in the cornea or both?

A

there are only nerves in the cornea

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7
Q

What is keratitis?

A

inflammation of the cornea

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8
Q

What is the difference between ulcerative keratitis and keratitis?

A

in ulcerative keratitis the corneal stroma is also affected

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9
Q

What are the structures of the vascular tunic?

A

chorid, ciliary body, and iris

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10
Q

What is the function of the chorid?

A

it provides nutritive function to the outer retina

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11
Q

What is the chorid made out of?

A

loose connective tissue

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12
Q

The choroid is pigmented, what does that allow it to do?

A

absorb stray photons of light

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13
Q

What part of the choroid is not pigmented?

A

the tapetum lucidim

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14
Q

What is the function of the tapetum lucidum?

A

it reflects light enhancing low light vision

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15
Q

Where is the tapetum lucidim located?

A

in the dorsal portion of the choroid

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16
Q

What is the choriocapillary layer and where is it located?

A

it is a bed of capillaries adjacent to the retina

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17
Q

What does the ciliary epithelium do?

A

secretes aqueous humor

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18
Q

What do the ciliary processes of the ciliary body do?

A

they hold the lens in place

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19
Q

What are the ciliary processes attached to the lens with?

A

zonular fibers

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20
Q

What is the ciliary muscle innervated by?

A

the ciliary ganglion

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21
Q

What is the function of the ciliary muscle?

A

it focuses light by changing thickness of the lens

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22
Q

What does the contraction of the ciliary muscle do?

A

it releases pressure on the lense

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23
Q

What does relaxation of the ciliary muscle do?

A

it stretches the lens

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24
Q

Where is the iris located?

A

rostral to the lens

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25
What does the iris form?
the pupil
26
What does the iris deterine?
eye color
27
What muscles are located in the iris?
pupillary constrictors and dilators
28
What type of innervation controls pupillary constriction?
parasympathetic innervation from the occulomotor
29
What type of innervation controls pupillary dilation?
sympathetic innervation from the trigeminal nerve
30
What type of arrangement is the pupillary constrictor?
it is circularly arranged
31
What type of arrangement is the pupillary dilator?
it is radially arranged
32
Where is the retina located?
it is the innermost tunic of the globe
33
What are the layers of the retina?
rods and cones, outer nuclear, inner nuclear, and ganglion
34
What does the outer nuclear layer contain?
photoreceptors
35
What does the inner nuclear layer contain?
inner retinal neurons
36
What does the ganglino layer contain?
retinal ganglion cells
37
Where is the blind spot of the eye?
where the optic nerve head is
38
What is located in the optic nerve head?
the optic disk
39
What provides blood supply to the inner retina?
vessels that enter and exit through the optic nerve head
40
What provides blood supply to the outer retina?
the choroid
41
What are the chambers of the eye?
anterior chamber, posterior chamber, and posterior segment
42
Which chamber is filled with aqueous humor?
the anterior and posterior chamber
43
What chamber is filled with vitreous humor?
the posterior segment
44
What provides intraocular pressure?
intraocular fluid
45
What causes glaucoma?
increased intraocular pressure which leads to death of retinal ganglion cells
46
What are the outersegments like for rods?
long
47
What are the outersegments like for cones?
short and cone-like
48
Why do rods and cones have different pigments?
because they absorb light at different wavelengths
49
Do cones work better in the light or dark and why?
in the light because in the dark there is not enough light to activate them
50
Do rods work in light?
nope
51
What does high acuity vision require?
a high concentration of cones
52
What is the fovea or area centralis?
where cones bunch together closely
53
Are there more rods or cones in the eye?
rods
54
What is phototransduction?
the process of a photon of light being transduced into something the brain can understand
55
Where can the nucelus of a cell body of the rod/cone be found in?
the outer nuclear layer
56
What is rhodopsin?
opsin plus chromaphore
57
What is rhodopsin involved in?
phototransduction
58
How does rhodopsin work in phototransduction?
the chromophore in rhodopsin absorbs light and then isomerizes
59
What can cause retinal degeneration?
retinal detachment, vitamin A deficiency, inhereted recessive genes, tauring deficiency, and mutations in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE 65)
60
How do you evaluate retinal function?
electroretinography, fundus images, or optical coherence tomography
61
What is the track of visual projection?
lights leave the retina via the optic nerve, go to the optic chiasm, and then go to the optic tract
62
What are the major visual targets?
lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus, pretectal nucleus, and rostral colliculus
63
What is the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus in charge of?
conscious perception
64
What does the lateral geniculate nucleus relay information to?
the cortex
65
What does the pretectal nucleus project to?
the parasympathetic nucleus of III
66
What reflex is the pretectal nucleus in charge of?
the pupillary light reflex
67
Where is the rostral colliculus located?
caudal to the pretectal nucleus in the tectum of the midbrain
68
What does the rostral colliculus mediate?
visual reflexes from both eyes
69
What descending tracts are associated with the rostral colliculus?
the contralateral tectospinal and tectotegmentospinal tract
70
What reflex is the rostral colliculus associated with?
the body ocular reflex
71
What is the body ocular reflex?
when the eyes and upper body orient towards the object that suddenly enters the visual field
72
What does the rostral colliculus project to?
the motor nuclei of III, IV, VI, the tectospinal tract, the motor nucleus of XI, and spinal nerves from the cervical cord
73
What is the direct response of the pupillary light reflex?
when the pupil contracts in the eye that the light is shown in
74
What is the consensual response of the pupillary light reflex?
when the pupil contracts in the eye that light is not shown in
75
What structures are involved in pupillary dilation?
rostral colliculus and descending tract of the lateral funiculus

Neuroanatomy Lecture (17 decks)

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