vitamins

Question 1

water soluble Vitamins?
fat soluble Vitamins?

Answer 1

Vitamins A,E,D,K fat soluble
Vitamins B,C water soluble

Question 2

How vitamins absorption?

Answer 2

water soluble absorbed into blood stream kidney fitter out excesses and excrete in urine
fat soluble micelles carry to the brush border in small intestine absorption chylomicrons contain Vitamin transported via a blood stream to liver

Question 3

hydrophilic and hydrophobic

Answer 3

hydrophilic親水的分子能透过 氢键氢键 和水形成键结吸引水分子或易溶于水.
hydrophobic疏水性（或斥水性、拒水性）指的是一個分子與水互相排斥的物理性質

Question 4

Vitamins absorb from?different between fat and water soluble?

Answer 4

all in small intestine
water soluble
黏膜肥大細胞（mucosal mast cell） to blood vessel to urine
fat soluble
micelles is bile acid+lipid+fat soluble vitamin throw microvilli change to chylomicron to lymph vessel to liver

Question 5

Vitamin A precursor?
come from?
Ex: food?

Answer 5

egg/milk/liver/cod雪魚／fish oil - well absorbed than plants
carotenoid carrots,cantaloupe,sweet potato,spinach
green leafy vegetable
red, orange fruit or vegetable
beta carotene ( carotenoids) change to Vit A

Question 6

types of vitamin A? x 3
function?

Answer 6

retinol
for reproduction and bone health
immunity
retinal
for nigh and colour vision
retinoic acid
cell growth
cell differentiation with DNA to different stem cells into different cell type
retinol ><retinal> retinoic acid</retinal>

Question 7

Vit A deficiency?
overdose?

Answer 7

night blindness/ eye disorders
too much beta carotene turn skin to yellow or orange
diarrhea, headache, nausea, can damage liver and bones

Question 8

why too much Vitamin A lead to osteoporosis?

Answer 8

retinoic acid (which the body makes from vitamin A) stimulates osteoclasts 蝕骨細胞but suppresses osteoblast成骨細胞

Question 9

RDA vit A? mcg
damage ?

Answer 9

900 mcg/day
Vitamin A in high doses is a direct toxin
vitamin A is stored in stellate cells in the liver excess collagen production, fibrosis and liver injury.

Question 10

Body can synthsize Vit ? with sunshine
How?

Answer 10

Vit D
sun > 7-dehydrocholesterol>cholecalciferol Vit D3
>liver> 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 > kidney maintains calcium/ phosphate balance> bone

Question 11

Vit D food?

Answer 11

fish, salmon , tuna, fish oil
small amount in cheese, egg yolks

Question 12

Deficiency of Vit D?
overdose?

Answer 12

osteoporosis
Rickets
=calcium loss lead to bone soften in children
osteomalacia = o sharp leg
ovrdose: high calcium
vomiting, poor appetite, constipation, weakness and weight loss

Question 13

which vitamin is anti aging?
chemical name?
function? x 3
RDA?

Answer 13

RDA 10 mg/day
vit E tocopherol
an antioxidant against free radical attack
protect lungs against oxidative damage from environment
prevent cancer against DNA mutating變異

Question 14

dietary in Vit E?
too much counters to ?

Answer 14

corn, nuts, oliver, green leafy vegetable, vegetable oil and wheat germ
large dose Vit E or A counters Vit K
blood clotting mechanism

Question 15

Vit k name?
function?
How?

Answer 15

Koagulation
promote blood clotting
assists bone formation
allow the protein to strengthen skeleton
pletelets > prothrombin> thrombin> fribrinogen>fribrin>frbrin clot

Question 16

Vit k from where? x 2
can cause toxicity?

Answer 16

food
cabbage, cauliflower, spinach,cereals
bacteria in colons
produced by bacteria is absorbed in colon
body excreted rapidly low toxicity

Question 17

Vitamin B ? x 8

Answer 17

1 thiamin
2 riboflavin
3 niacin
5 pantothenic acid
6 pyridoxine
7 biotin
9 folic acid
12 cobalamin

Question 18

Vit B2 riboflavin
function food sources?
RNI?
can destory by ?
deficient?

Answer 18

helps produce energy in all cells
helps change the amino acid
RNI 1.4 mg
milk , organ meat, bread
can destroy by UV light so milk not in glass
deficient dry skin, cataracts, red tongue

Question 18

Vit B1 thiamin
function food sources?
RNI?

Answer 18

Help produce energy from CHO
maintain nervous system
RNI 1.4 mg
whole grain, pasta, cereals, pork,liver,meat,

Question 19

Vit B3 Niacin
function food sources?
RNI?

Answer 19

amino acid makes niacin
RNI:15 mg/d UL:35mg overdose cause liver damage
help use sugars and fatty acid
help enzyme function
help produce energy in all cells
poultry, fish, beef, legumes

Question 20

Vit B5 Pantothenic acid
function food sources?
RNI?

Answer 20

AI: 5 mg/d
overdose: diarrhea and water retention = edema
help cells produce energy
help to metabolize macronutrients
food: meat poultry, fish, whole grain cereals, legumes

Question 21

Vit B6 pyridoxine
function x 3
food sources?
RNI?

Answer 21

help make nonessential amino acids
to make body cells
turn tryptophan into niacin and serotonin
help produce insulin, hemoglobin, antibodies
RNI: 1.4 mg deficient: depression flaky脫落 skin
UL: 60 mg overdose of nervous damage

Question 22

Vit B7 biotin
function food sources?
RNI?
can produce from?

Answer 22

help produce energy in cells
help metabolize macronutrients
AI: 40ug/mcg deficient: loss of appetite, depression, dry skin
food: eggs, liver, cereals
can be produced from intestinal bacteria

Question 23

Vit B9 folic acid
function food sources?
RNI?

Answer 23

making DNA and RNA, new cells
from hemoglobin in RBC
lower risk of neural tube defects
control plasma homocysteine levels lower heart disease
RNI: 400 mcg overdose: mask Vit B12 deficiency
UL: 1000 mcg deficient: growth impairs > protein synthesize
anemia
bady neural tube defect

Question 24

Vit B12 cobalamin
function food sources?
RNI?
who easily get deficient in Vit B12
why inject vit B12?

Answer 24

make red blood cells
help use fatty acids and main acids
RNI: 2.4 mcg deficient: anemia, nervous damage, sensitive skin
food: meat, fish poultry, egg, milk, cereals
veggie risk of vit B12 deficiency
stomach mush has an intrinsic factor to absorb Vit B12 if not needed for injection

Question 25

Vitamin C
chemical name?
function?
food sources?

Answer 25

ascorbic acid
produce collagen(hold tissues together)
keep blood vessels firm, gums healthy
help absorb iron and folate
help heal wounds
antioxidant
RNI: 100 mg
UL: 2000mg overdose: kidney stone, iron overload
food: orange, grapefruit, pepper, barriers, tomato, green leafy vegetable

Question 26

vit A function x 5

Answer 26

vision
retinoic acid work with DNA
immunity
retinol and terminal sperm精子 production
bone growth