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nutrition > water and electrolytes > Flashcards

water and electrolytes Flashcards

1
Q

dehydration x 7

A

no urine output 12 hrs
dark urine
dizziness can’t stand
low blood pressure
rapid heart rate
fever
seizure

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2
Q

water intoxication

A

dilute sodium in blood> fluid shifts from outside to inside of cells > cell swell
disrupt brain function
kidney can’t get rid more than 1L /hrs

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3
Q

acidic water ? PH
what happen on sinks?
too acid can treated with ?

A

PH under 6.5 = soft water
contain metal ions causes blue green color staining on sinks
treated with sodium bicarbonate neutralizer

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4
Q

hard water?

A

PH over 8.5
tastes more bitter

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5
Q

PH
in pure water?
in blood?
stomach?

A

in pure water 7
in blood 7.35-7.45
stomach 2

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6
Q

PH
carbon dioxide
bicarbonate
oxygen

A

carbon dioxide 二氧化碳 CO 2 an acid
sodium bicarbonate碳酸氫鈉 =baking soda is a base
oxygen is nature

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7
Q

how lung balance acid-base?

A

body produces CO2 acidic from metabolizing oxygen and nutrients > blood carries CO2 to lung exhaled CO2 out > body PH increases

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8
Q

how kidneys balance acid-base?

A

excrete excess acids or bases but very slowly takes several days

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9
Q

how buffer systems balance acid-base?

A

body has mechanism to control optimal PH balance throw negative and positive ions

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10
Q

water treatment x 3

A

ozonation臭氧化O3 - kill most microbes
ultraviolet UV light - kill most microbes
reverse osmosis逆滲透淨化水 - remove all microbes, minerals, colour

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11
Q

Electrolytes ? x 6

A
  • Electrolytes are:
  • Sodium (Na+)
  • Calcium (Ca2+)
  • Potassium (K+)
  • Chloride (Cl-)
  • Phosphate (PO4 ^3-)
  • Magnesium (Mg 2+)
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12
Q

osmosis in cells? X 3

A

hypertonic - water move out > cells shrink
縮小
hypotonic - water move in > cells swell
isotonic - no water movement > cells remain same size

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13
Q

calcium function? x 5

A

build bones and teeth
stabilize BP
muscle contraction
blood clotting
nerve signals

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14
Q

lead to hyperglycemia?

A

Kidney disease
* Thyroid disorder
* Lung diseases
* Lung/ breast cancers
* Overdose of antacids/ calcium or Vit D
* Medications such as lithium, Theophylline黃嘌呤類(茶鹼)放鬆氣管周圍的肌. 肉以及抑制身體對致敏原的反應 or certain water pills

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15
Q

lead to hypocalcemia ?

A

Kidney failure
* Vitamin D deficiency
* Hypoparathyroidism
* Malabsorption
* Pancreatitis
* Prostate cancer
* Medications - heparin, osteoporosis drugs and anti-epileptic drugs

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16
Q

Calcium
* Food sources?

A

Dairy products
* soy milk, almond milk. Oat milk
* Dark green leafy vegetables
* Tofu
* Canned sardines with their soft bones
* Nuts
* Vit D is needed for calcium absorption

17
Q

leat to hyperchloremia?

A

Severe dehydration
* Kidney failure
* Undergoing dialysi

18
Q

lead to hypochloremia

A
  • Sodium or potassium imbalances
  • Eating disorder
  • Acute kidney failure
  • Cystic fibrosis - disorder that damages lungs,digestive tract and other organs
19
Q

Chloride
* Food sources?

A

Table salt or sea salt (sodium chloride)
* Vegetables
* Seaweed
* Rye黑麥
*tomatoes/lettuce/celery
* Olives

20
Q

Magnesium
* Function? x 4

A

Heart rhythm
* Nerve function
* Muscle contraction
* Bone health

21
Q

Hypermagnesemia

A
  • Addison’s disease - rare illness that occurs when the boy doesn’t make enough hormones
  • Hypothyroidism
  • Lithium therapy
  • Kidney disease
  • too much drugs containing magnesium,
    laxatives and antacids
22
Q

Hypomagnesemia

A

Malabsorption
* Excessive sweating
* Heart failure
* Alcohol use disorder
* Chronic diarrhoea
* Certain medications - diuretics and antibiotics

23
Q

Magnesium
* Food sources?

A

Legumes
* oatmeal/ bran cereals
* Leafy green vegetables
* Fruits
* Dark chocolate
* Nuts (almonds/pecans)

24
Q

Phosphate
* Functions?

A

Helps nerve function and make muscles contract
* Interacts closely with calcium, helps to build and
repair bones and teeth
* Kidneys, bones and intestines work to balance
phosphate levels in the body

25
Q

Hyperphosphatemia

A

Chronic kidney disease
* Severe muscle injury
* Low calcium levels
* Under active parathyroid glands
* Excessive use of phosphate-containing laxatives

26
Q

Hypophosphatemia

A
  • Acute alcohol abuse
  • Vitamin D deficiency
  • Severe burns
  • Overactive parathyroid glands
  • Certain medications - intravenous (IV) iron treatment, niacin and
    some antacids
27
Q

Phosphate
* Food sources?

A
  • meat/ poultry/ fish
  • Soy/ nuts/ seeds
  • Legumes
  • Dairy products
  • Soy
  • Organ meat
28
Q

Potassium
* Functions?

A

All electrolytes help to maintain fluid balance but
the main ones are potassium and sodium
* Regulating heart function
* Maintain health for nerves and muscles

29
Q

Hyperkalemia

A

Severe dehydration
* Kidney failure
* Severe acidosis, including diabetic ketoacidosis
* When cortisol levels are too low
* Medications - diuretics

30
Q

Hypokalemia

A

Dehydration - severe vomiting or diarrhoea
* Adrenal disorders - Cushing syndrome. The adrenal
glands produce too much aldosterone, a hormone that
causes the kidneys to excrete large amounts of
potassium
* Medications - laxatives, diuretics, corticosteroids

31
Q

Potassium
* Food sources?

A
  • Dried fruits (prunes, raisins, dates)
  • Fruits (banana, oranges, cantaloupe, honeydew, apricots,
    grapefruit)
  • Cooked spinach/ broccoli
  • Potatoes/ sweet potatoes
  • Mushroom
    Milk and yogurt
  • Fish/ meat/ poultry
  • Salt substitutes
  • Nuts
32
Q

Sodium
* Functions?

A

Maintain fluid balance
* Affects blood pressure
* Regulate nerve function and muscle contraction

33
Q

Hypernatremia ?

A

Inadequate water consumption
* Loss too much water via sweat/ gastro illnesses/
respiratory illnesses
* Medications such as Lithium (for mental health
such as bipolar disorder)

34
Q

Hyponatremia

A

Chronic, severe vomiting or diarrhea that causes dehydration
* Over hydration
* Kidney, heart or liver failure
* Hormonal changes such as adrenal gland insufficiency (Addison’s
disease), affects the production of hormones that help to maintain
our body’s electrolytes balance
* Medications such as diuretics

35
Q

Maximum recommended intake for sodium is ?

A

~2300mg/day
==> 6 g ==> 1 tsp of table salt

36
Q

Sodium
* Food sources?

A

Processed meat
* Vegetable juice
* Cheese
* Soy sauce
* Sauces

nutrition (10 decks)

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