Vocabulary Flashcard Set #3

Question 1

Hindsight Bias

Answer 1

the tendency, after an event has occurred, to overestimate the extent to which the outcome could have been foreseen

Question 2

Applied Research

Answer 2

studies conducted to solve real-world problems, as opposed to studies that are carried out to develop a theory or to extend basic knowledge

Question 3

Basic Research

Answer 3

research conducted to obtain greater understanding of a phenomenon, explore a theory, or advance knowledge, with no consideration of any direct practical application

Question 4

Hypothesis

Answer 4

an empirically testable proposition about some fact, behavior, relationship, or the like, usually based on theory, that states an expected outcome resulting from specific conditions or assumptions

Question 5

Independent Variable

Answer 5

the variable in an experiment that is specifically manipulated or is observed to occur before the dependent, or outcome, variable, in order to assess its effect or influence

Question 6

Dependent Variable

Answer 6

the outcome that is observed to occur or change after the occurrence or variation of the independent variable in an experiment, or the effect that one wants to predict or explain in correlational research

Question 7

Theory

Answer 7

abstract or speculative thought as opposed to practice

Question 8

Operational Definition

Answer 8

a description of something in terms of the operations (procedures, actions, or processes) by which it could be observed and measured

Question 9

Sample

Answer 9

a subset of a population of interest that is selected for study with the aim of making inferences to the population

Question 10

Population

Answer 10

a complete group of objects (people, nonhuman animals, institutions) from which a sample is drawn to obtain empirical observations and to which results can be generalized

Question 11

Random Sampling

Answer 11

a process for selecting a sample of study participants from a larger potential group of eligible individuals, such that each person has the same fixed probability of being included in the sample and some chance procedure is used to determine who specifically is chosen

Question 12

Stratified Sampling

Answer 12

the process of selecting a sample from a population comprised of various subgroups in such a way that each subgroup is represented