Weather Review Flashcards

Question

What weather parameters are provided by **AWOS-A**?

Answer 1

Only reports altimeter.

Answer 2

* Altimeter * Wind * Temperature * Dew point * Density Altitude

Answer 3

* Altimeter * Wind * Temperature * Dew point * Density Altitude * **Visibility**

Answer 4

* Altimeter * Wind * Temperature * Dew point * Density Altitude * **Visibility** * **Cloud/Ceiling**

Answer 5

* Altimeter * Wind * Temperature * Dew point * Density Altitude * Visibility * Cloud/Ceiling * **Precipitation**

Answer 6

* Altimeter * Wind * Temperature * Dew point * Density Altitude * Visibility * Cloud/Ceiling * **Thunderstorm**

Answer 7

* Altimeter * Wind * Temperature * Dew point * Density Altitude * Visibility * Cloud/Ceiling * **Precipitation** * **Thunderstorm/lightning**

Answer 8

* Altimeter * Wind * Temperature * Dew point * Density Altitude * Visibility * Cloud/Ceiling * Precipitation * Thunderstorm/lightning * **Precipitation Occurance, type, accumulation** * **Freezing rain** * **Thunderstorms** * **Runway surface conditions**

Answer 9

**A**utomated **S**urface **O**bservation **S**ystem ## Footnote More sophisticated than AWOS -- provides info for METAR and TAFs

Answer 10

12,000 feet 10 statute miles

Answer 11

**MET**eorological **A**viation **R**outine weather report ## Footnote Terminal weather **_observation_** METARs are issued on the hour (routine).

Answer 12

**T**erminal **A**erodrome **F**orecast * 24-hour forecast * Issued 4x day * 00Z * 06Z * 12Z * 18Z * Predicted weather w/in 5sm of the airport

Answer 13

Height above the surface (AGL) of lowest layer of clouds that are Broken, Overcast, Obscured and not thin or partial.

Answer 14

Precipitation that evaporates before reaching the ground. ## Footnote Air mass below the cloud is very dry. Indicates strong downdrafts w/possible moderate or greater turbulence.

Answer 15

No, OPSPEC C077 requires ceiling **_and_** visibility.

Answer 16

* **NSW** - No Significant Weather * **BL** - Blowing * **BC** - Patches * **MI** - Shallow * **PR** - Partial * **DR** - Drifting * **GR** - Hail

Answer 17

* **SG** - Snow Grains * **GS** - Small hail/snow pellets * **BR** - Mist (\>5/8 sm) * **FG** - Fog (\<5/8 sm) * **FU** - Smoke * **DU** - Dust * **PY** - Spray * **SA** - Sand, Sandstorm, Dust storm * **FC** - Funnel Cloud

Answer 18

* 29.92 inches/1013 hectopascals * 15⁰C at Sea Level (59⁰F)

Answer 19

3.5°F/1000 feet (dry lapse rate), or ~2°C/1000 feet (ISA) 6.5°C/thousand meters, ~2°C/1000 feet

Answer 20

* Occupants may feel a slight strain against seat belts or shoulder straps. * Unsecure objects may be displaced slightly. * Food service may be conducted and little or no difficulty is encountered in walking.

Answer 21

* Occupants feel definite strains against seat belts or shoulder straps * Unsecured objects are dislodged * Food service and walking are difficult

Answer 22

* Occupants are forced violently against seat belts or shoulder straps * Unsecured objects are tossed about * Food Service and walking are impossible

Answer 23

* Aircraft is violently tossed about and is practically impossible to control * May cause structural damage

Answer 24

**AIR**man's **MET**eorological Information * Weather of interest to all pilots, but hazardous to aircraft having limited capabilites or non-instrumented rated pilots * Less severe than SIGMET * Moderate: icing/turbulence/\>30kts winds, IFR, Mountain obscuration * 4x day, every 6 hours

Answer 25

Icing and freezing level data.

Answer 26

Turbulence, strong surface winds, and wind shear.

Answer 27

Instrument flight rules and mountain obscuration.

Answer 28

SIGnificant METeorological information Serious weather concerning the safety of ALL aircraft * Sever and extreme turbulence or CAT * Severe icing * Dust storms, sandstorms, volcanic ash with vis \< 3 miles

Answer 29

Severe thunderstorms, tornadoes, heavy precipitation, hail and high surface winds.

Answer 30

Preliminary messages issued to alert that a Severe Weather Bulletin is being issued * Define areas of severe thunderstorms or tornadoes * Unscheduled

Answer 31

Unscheduled inflight, flow control, ATC, and aircrew advisory * Unscheduled * Supplements an existing SIGMET or AIRMET

Answer 32

**H**azardous **I**nflight **W**eather **A**dvisory **S**ervice

Answer 33

* Forecast of general weather conditions over a large area of Alaska, Hawaii, and the Caribbean. * Can be used as a forecast for airports that do not have TAF * Issued 3x a day * 12-hour forecast, followed by a 6-hour outlook * Has been discontinued for the continental US * Replaced by the GFA Tool found at www.aviationweather.gov

Answer 34

* A collection of very small, supercooled water droplets that freeze on contact. * The most common form of aviation icing * Milky or opaque due to trapped air bubbles * Stratus clouds and smooth air

Answer 35

* Hard, glossy, heavy and difficult to remove * Rapid build-up * Found in large cumulus clouds and turbulence

Answer 36

* Indicates warmer temperatures above * The _most severe form of icing_

Answer 37

No Pilot may take off in an aircraft with frost, ice or snow adhering to any rotor blade, propeller, windshield, wing, stabilizing or control surface, powerplant, instrument -- **the clean aircraft concept.**

Answer 38

The boundary between the Troposphere and the Stratosphere where temperature stops decreasing with altitude. ## Footnote Altitude varies between poles and equator.

Answer 39

Because the Ozone layer sits above the stratosphere. The ozone layer absorbs UV rays which cause the stratosphere to heat up.

Answer 40

Anything with a temperature above absolute zero (-273 C) radiates heat energy in the form of electromagnetic waves. ## Footnote As heat increases, wavelength decreases. The Sun emits short wave radiation, known as insolation, and the earth emits longwave radiation, known as terrestrial radiation. Heat transfer through radiation can occur in a vacuum.

Answer 41

The transfer of heat through movement in a body. ## Footnote The earth's surface heats the air, which in turn decreases in pressure and rises. As it cools it travels horizontally, known as advection. It then sinks. Convection and advection together create circulation.

Answer 42

The transfer of heat through contact. ## Footnote The earth's surface is heated by insolation from the sun which then heats the air on the surface through conduction. Air is a poor conductor so only the air close to the surface is heated. This is why temperature decreases with altitude close to the earth.

Answer 43

Scattering by airborne particles and reflection from the ground and cloud tops.

Answer 44

Terrestrial radiation from the earth is absorbed by water and carbon dioxide molecules in the atmosphere and radiated back to the surface.

Answer 45

A line on a weather map joining two places of the same temperature.

Answer 46

The change of temperature over 24 hours. ## Footnote Over the ocean, it is usually 1⁰C due to the high specific heat of the water. Deserts can be around 20⁰C. Wind can mix up the air and reduce diurnal variation compared to calm conditions. Cloud cover prevents heat transfer to and from the surface, thus reducing diurnal variation.

Answer 47

A line on a weather map joining places of equal pressures.

Answer 48

Aeronautical "Q code" for Standard Pressure Altitude setting in your altimeter's Kollsman window. ## Footnote 29.92 inHg/1013.25 Mb for a standard atmosphere.

Answer 49

The Troposphere

Answer 50

1. **Pressure** and density are **directly** related. 2. **Temperature** and density are **inversely** related. 3. **Humidity** and density are **inversely** related.

Answer 51

False ## Footnote Increased Density Altitude (higher altitude) degrades aircraft performance. Higher Density Altitude (less dense air) decreases aircraft performance.

Answer 52

1. The movement of pressure systems. 2. The change in intensity of pressure systems. 3. The expansion and contraction of the atmosphere as it heats and cools(semi-diurnal variation).

Answer 53

The true sea level pressure. ## Footnote When set on a subscale it will read actual elevation AMSL. Area QNH is the average for a given area and will not differ from an adjoining area or local QNH by more than 5 HPA.

Answer 54

It will read as if it were in a climb. ## Footnote *"High to Low, look out below"*

Answer 55

A temperature change due to a change in pressure.

Answer 56

Winds at low level may cause adiabatic expansion and cooling due to mixing. If the lower layer becomes cooler then an inversion forms.

Answer 57

As a column of air subsides, the top of the column undergoes greater heating and compression than the bottom. This creates an inversion.

Answer 58

The air close to the earth's surface is cooled at night by conduction. Greatest at dawn.

Answer 59

The boundary of two masses can become an inversion as Warm air is lifted by cool air.

Answer 60

When a parcel of air is lifted and its temperature becomes less than the surrounding environment and sinks once the lifting force is removed.

Answer 61

When a parcel of air is lifted and its temperature becomes more than the surrounding environment and continues to rise once the lifting force is removed.

Answer 62

A state of instability that depends upon whether or not the rising air is saturated. Conditional stability occurs when the environmental lapse rate is between the moist and dry adiabatic rates. The atmosphere is normally in a conditionally unstable state.

Answer 63

* Dew Point: 0.6^oC per 1000' * Dry Air: 3^oC per 1000' * Saturated Air: 1.5^oC per 1000' * ISA: 2^oC per 1000'

Answer 64

The ratio of water in a sample of air compared to its water volume at saturation. ## Footnote Relative humidity = actual mass of water vapor \ mass of water vapor at saturation.

Answer 65

The heat added to change a substance to a higher state and released, to change to a lower state. ## Footnote There is no change in temperature, just state. Lower - Solid, liquid, gas - higher.

Answer 66

(Surface Temperature - Surface Dew Point) divided by 2.4. The answer is in thousands of feet.

Answer 67

The warm dry air on the lee slide of a mountain. Humid air is forced to rise over a mountain forming cloud as it cools adiabatically. Latent heat is released by the process of condensation and carried with the air down the lee side of the mountain as warm dry air.

Answer 68

* Veering wind changes in a **clockwise** direction. * Backing wind changes in a **counterclockwise** direction.

Answer 69

* Gusts are a sudden increase in wind lasting a **short period of time**. * Squalls are a sudden increase of wind of at least 16 knots, last for **at least one minute** and can reach up to 22 knots.

Answer 70

The tendency for air to flow from high to low pressure across isobars.

Answer 71

In the Northern Hemisphere, the earth's rotation causes air to deflect to the right. The deflection is greatest at the poles and nil at the equator. The stronger the wind speed the greater the deflection. ## Footnote The deflection is opposite (left) in the Southern Hemisphere. *Toilets flush "backward" in Australia...*

Answer 72

With your back to the wind in the northern hemisphere, the atmospheric low pressure is on your left, high to the right. ## Footnote Opposite in the southern hemisphere.

Answer 73

* Geostrophic winds flow parallel to **straight isobars**. * Gradient winds flow parallel to **curved isobars**.

Answer 74

The lower 3000' of the atmosphere. ## Footnote Wind speeds reduce by ~2/3 over land and ~1/3 over the sea. Reduction in speed reduces the Coriolis effect and winds tend to veer compared to winds aloft. 30 degrees over land and 10 degrees over water due to reduced friction. Winds aloft tend to flow parallel to isobars. Surface winds flow across isobars from high to low pressure.

Answer 75

The breeze flows towards the hotter of the two to replace the rising air. As the land heats and cools quicker than the sea (the sea has a high specific heat) it is common to have a sea breeze during the day and land breeze night.

Answer 76

* Anabatic - Air on a mountainside is **heated** by conduction, density reduces and rises up the hill. * Katabatic - Air on a mountainside is **cooled** by conduction density increases and sinks down the hill.

Answer 77

* Stratocumulus * Stratus * Cumulus

Answer 78

* Altocumulus * Altostratus

Answer 79

* Cirrus * Cirrocumulus * Cirrostratus ## Footnote *Note: étage elevation is lower at the poles, higher at the equator.*

Answer 80

Clouds of a turret or cumuliform shape from a common base. ## Footnote Generally associated with altocumulus and indicates instability.

Answer 81

1. **Convection** - warm air rises + unstable atmosphere = Cu. If vertical development continues then = Cb. 2. **Convergence** - the center of low pressure creates lift 3. **Orographic** uplift - Mountain waves 4. **Frontal** - warm air forced to rise over cooler air as fronts move

Answer 82

**C**lear **A**nd **V**isibility **OK** ## Footnote No significant weather, visibility greater than 10km, and ceilings greater than 5,000'.

Answer 83

* NSC: **No Significant Cloud** * NSW: **No Significant Weather** ## Footnote NSC - no cloud below 5000’ AGL or highest 25nm MSA; whichever is greater and no cumulonimbus or towering cumulus at any height. NSW - no Mist, Dust, Dust storm, Drizzle, Funnel Clouds, Fog, Smoke, Hail, Small Hail Pellets, Haze, Ice Pellets, Dust Devils, Rain, Sand, Snow Grains, Snow Squalls, Sand storm, Unknown Precipitation Type (from weather sensor), Volcanic Ash.

Answer 84

Greater than 10nm.

Answer 85

* **BR**: Mist * **DU**: Dust * **DS**: Duststorm * **DZ**: Drizzle * **FC**: Funnel Clouds * **FG**: Fog * **FU**: Smoke * **GR**: Hail

Answer 86

* **GS**: Small Hail Pellets * **HZ**: Haze * **PL**: Ice Pellets * **PO**: Dust Devils * **RA**: Rain * **SA**: Sand * **SG**: Snow Grains * **SN**: Snow SQ Squalls * **SS**: Sandstorm * **UP**: Unknown Precipitation Type (from weather sensor) * **VA**: Volcanic Ash

Answer 87

**SPECI**al weather reports can be issued at any time to update the METAR for: * Rapidly changing weather conditions * Aircraft mishaps * Other critical information

Answer 88

A **drop in temperature** along with changes in **air pressure** and prevailing **winds**.

Answer 89

Air noticeably **warmer** and more **humid**.

Answer 90

Warm air rising over a cold layer forming a sloping layer in the direction of movement. ## Footnote Warm air is generally stable resulting in Stratiform clouds and rain from nimbostratus. The approach of a warm front is evident by high-level clouds then mid-level clouds and eventually nimbostratus clouds.

Answer 91

A cold front that catches up to a warm front.

Answer 92

* Both warm and cold front weather * Extensive clouds and widespread rain * Embedded thunderstorms

Answer 93

A Front that is moving at less than five knots. ## Footnote On a synoptic chart, a front that has not moved from the last synoptic chart (three/six hours) *aka: Stationary Front*

Answer 94

The zone (normally) over the equator between the northeast and southeast trade winds converge. ## Footnote Location varies with seasons. *Trivia: aka: "The Doldrums"*

Answer 95

An area of low pressure (as compared to the area surrounding it). ## Footnote A low-pressure system is associated with: * Convection * Instability * Clouds and rain * Visibility is good * Wind circulates counterclockwise in the northern hemisphere

Answer 96

An area of high pressure (as compared to the area surrounding it). ## Footnote A high-pressure system is associated with: * Clear skies * Dry air * Visibility is good * Wind circulates clockwise in the northern hemisphere

Answer 97

A region of slightly elevated pressure between two anticyclones (Highs).

Answer 98

They depict surface winds (2m above the surface) on a streamlines chart.

Answer 99

34-47 knots

Answer 100

A cloud at ground level through which visibility is less than 3 miles with relative humidity near 100%.

Answer 101

1. Cumulus stage 2. Mature stage 3. Dissipating stage

Answer 102

1. Single Cell 2. Multicell (cluster and line) 3. Supercell

Answer 103

* Heavy rain * Hail * Icing * Electrical interference * Lightning * Severe turbulence

Answer 104

1. A source of dust 2. A mechanism of uplift 3. An unstable environment to keep the dust aloft

Answer 105

Fast moving narrow currents of air found near the tropopause. ## Footnote Characterized by strong horizontal wind shear. Wind speeds may reach 150 kt. Flow west to east.

Answer 106

Change in wind velocity and/or direction -- usually in the vertical.

Answer 107

Common in the Great Plains and Eastern US. As the name implies, it is a fast-moving ribbon of air in the low levels of the atmosphere. ## Footnote It can rapidly transport Gulf moisture and warmer temperatures to the North at speeds ranging from 25 to over 70 knots.

Answer 108

Caused by the relative movement of disturbed air through which an aircraft is flying. ## Footnote Its origin may be thermal or mechanical and it may occur either within or clear of cloud.

Answer 109

Occurs when a sub-zero surface comes into contact with moist air. ## Footnote Hoar frost may form on the upper or lower surface of the wings at ambient temperatures well above the freezing point due to the cold soaked fuel in the wing tanks.

Answer 110

Formed when small supercooled water droplets freeze on contact with a surface that is at a sub-zero centigrade (Celcius) temperature. ## Footnote Because the droplets are small, they freeze almost instantly creating a mixture of tiny ice particles and trapped air. The ice deposit formed is **rough** and **crystalline** and **opaque**. Because of its crystalline structure, rime ice is **brittle**.

Answer 111

* Clear, or Glaze, ice is widely considered to be the most dangerous form of icing. * Water drops are carried above the freezing level, they become supercooled. * A smooth, hard, glossy, and transparent covering of ice over the wing surface called clear ice. * Clear icing is most significant in the range of 0c to -20c. * Ice accretion can be very fast in the highest concentrations of supercooled water.

Answer 112

Ice formed in the venturi of a carburettor as intake air is cooled by fuel evaporation and loss of pressure. ## Footnote Carburettor ice can cause engine failure if not detected early enough and removed by use of carburettor heat. Carburettor ice is possible over a wide range of outside air temperatures (up to 40 deg C), but humidity must be relatively high.

Answer 113

**No icing** as the cloud consists of ice crystals.

Answer 114

**No icing** as the cloud consists of ice crystals.

Answer 115

**Rare** as the cloud consists mainly of ice crystals.

Answer 116

**Light rime ice** may occur in this type of cloud as it consists mainly of supercooled water droplets. ## Footnote Prolonged flight in altostratus may produce a large build-up of rime ice, which could prove hazardous to an airplane not equipped to remove the ice. Clear ice is a possibility in thick altostratus.

Answer 117

If the cloud is thin, **light rime ice** may occur in the same way as it does in altostratus. ## Footnote There is nearly always some turbulence associated with altocumulus and this enables the cloud to support larger supercooled water drops.

Answer 118

As supercooled rain is often present in this cloud type, ice is usually **clear to mixed**.

Answer 119

*_Small_* cumulus clouds will nearly always be at a temperature above freezing, so **no ice** will form in them. However, in *_large_* cumulus clouds, **clear ice** may occur up to about 5000 ft above the freezing level. Above this altitude, rime ice will occur.

Answer 120

Large supercooled water drops will occur at, and above the freezing level. From the freezing level up to where the temperature reduces to approximately -15 degrees C, clear ice will occur. Above this altitude, rime ice will occur up to the level where ice crystals predominate.

Answer 121

* These are strong concentrated downbursts of air from the base of a convective cloud. * They are often associated with squall lines and thunderstorm activity and may also be associated with virga. * The typical life cycle of a microburst from ground contact to dissipation is around 15 minutes. * An aircraft encountering the outflow from a microburst at low-level will initially experience increasing headwind and improved performance followed by decreasing headwind then downdraft and sink followed by increasing tailwind. * These effects can cause a large airspeed loss and severely degraded climb performance. In some cases, the velocity of the downburst can exceed the climb capability of the aircraft resulting in ground contact.

Answer 122

No ## Footnote The tropopause is not a continuous surface from the equator to the poles but is broken and uneven and there may even be more than one tropopause above a particular location.

Answer 123

A long narrow meandering current of high-speed winds near the tropopause blowing from a generally westerly direction and often exceeding a speed of 250 miles (402 kilometers) per hour. ## Footnote It is turbulence occurring in clear skies, often near the jet stream or tropopause.

Answer 124

1. Radiation 2. Advection 3. Frontal 4. Steam ## Footnote **Radiation**: Cloudless night; Moist air in contact with the surface cools below the dewpoint **Advection**: Warm moist air flows across a colder surface **Frontal**: Post front passage clouds extend to the surface **Steam**: Very cold air flows across warm water

Answer 125

Magnetic North ## Footnote Tower Winds are also Magnetic.

Answer 126

True North

Answer 127

Heat exchange

Answer 128

Unequal heating of the earth's surface.

Answer 129

Solar heating

Answer 130

**Friction** between the wind and the surface.

Answer 131

Cool, dense air moving inland from over the water.

Answer 132

An increase in temperature as altitude is increased.

Answer 133

Terrestrial radiation on a clear, relatively still night.

Answer 134

The temperature to which air must be cooled to become saturated.

Answer 135

Air temperature

Answer 136

Water vapor condenses.

Answer 137

Evaporation and sublimation.

Answer 138

Fog or low clouds.

Answer 139

A change in temperature.

Answer 140

Wind direction

Answer 141

Smooth air, poor visibility, fog, haze, or low clouds.

Answer 142

Actual lapse rate

Answer 143

Warming from below

Answer 144

Stratiform clouds

Answer 145

A stable layer of air

Answer 146

Cumuliform clouds and showery precipitation.

Answer 147

Turbulence and good surface visibility.

Answer 148

Poor surface visibility.

Answer 149

Produce stratus type clouds.

Answer 150

Clouds with considerable vertical development and associated turbulence.

Answer 151

Stratiform clouds with little or no turbulence.

Answer 152

Unstable, moist air.

Answer 153

6,000 feet MSL ## Footnote (70 - 48) / 4.4 = ~5,000' AGL + 1,000' = 6,000' MSL (if ground elevation is 1,000')

Answer 154

6,300 feet AGL.

Answer 155

A rain cloud.

Answer 156

Height range.

Answer 157

Cumulonimbus

Answer 158

A lenticular cloud.

Answer 159

Standing lenticular clouds.

Answer 160

Towering cumulus clouds.

Answer 161

Across a mountain ridge, and the air is stable.

Answer 162

* Level wings (roll) * Constant/desired pitch

Answer 163

Continuous updraft.

Answer 164

Precipitation beginning to fall.

Answer 165

* High humidity * Lifting force * Unstable conditions

Answer 166

Dissipating

Answer 167

Squall line thunderstorms

Answer 168

Squall line

Answer 169

Wind-shear

Answer 170

At all altitudes, in all directions.

Answer 171

In areas of: * low-level temperature inversion * frontal zones * clear-air turbulence.

Answer 172

Is a temperature inversion with freezing rain at a higher altitude.

Answer 173

Visible moisture

Answer 174

Freezing rain

Answer 175

* Warm, moist air * Over low, flatland areas * Clear, calm nights

Answer 176

An air mass moving inland from the coast in winter.

Answer 177

Advection and upslope fog

Answer 178

The temperature of the collecting surface is at or below the dewpoint of the adjacent air and the dewpoint is below freezing.

Answer 179

Frost will disrupt the smooth flow of air over the wind, adversely affecting its lifting capability.

Answer 180

Frost spoils the smooth flow of air over the wings, thereby decreasing lifting capability.

Answer 181

Minimum 20 miles

Answer 182

An area forecast. Has been retired for CONUS. It will continue for Alaska, the Gulf of Mexico, Hawaii, and the Caribbean. ## Footnote Replaced by the Graphical Forecast for Aviation (GFA).

Answer 183

It shows low pressures, high pressures, and fronts.

Answer 184

It shows precipitation type and intensity, echoes, tops, and movement.

Answer 185

It shows winds and temps at various altitudes. When you see a first number above 4, subtract 5, and add 100 knots to the wind velocity.

Answer 186

Significant Weather Prog(nosis) Charts show freezing level, turbulence, VFR/MVFR/IFR. Surface Prog Charts show precip type and intensity, highs/lows, fronts.

Answer 187

Windshear reports come out only on the ATIS. However, low-level wind shear is reported in an area forecast.

Answer 188

* Few = 1-2 eights (octals) of the sky covered with clouds * Scattered = 3-4 * Broken = 5-7 * Overcast = 8

Answer 189

* Pressure altitude: the altitude that the altimeter displays when the pressure is set to 29.92. * Density altitude: pressure altitude corrected for nonstandard temperature. ## Footnote When the temperature is higher than standard, the density altitude is higher than pressure altitude.

Answer 190

When the aircraft is accelerated or turned to a new heading, the following two rules apply: 1. **ANDS**: When on an easterly or westerly heading, in the northern hemisphere, if the aircraft accelerates, it momentarily shows a turn toward the north. If it decelerates, it momentarily shows a turn toward the south. 2. **UNOS**: When on a northerly heading and a turn towards the east or west is made, the compass will lag. When on a southerly heading, and turning east or west, the compass will lead the actual heading.

Answer 191

* **Class A**: instrument-rated, ATC clearance, mode C transponder, and two-way radio. * **Class B**: private pilot or student with endorsement, ATC clearance, mode C transponder, and two-way radio. * **Class C**: radio contact, mode C transponder, two-way radio. * **Class D**: radio contact, two-way radio.

Answer 192

_ON GROUND:_ * solid red: stop * flashing red: clear the runway * flashing white: return to starting position at the airport * solid green: cleared for takeoff * flashing green: cleared to taxi * flashing red and green: exercise extreme caution _IN FLIGHT_: * solid red: continue circling, give way to other aircraft * flashing red: airport unsafe, do not land * solid green: clear to land * flashing green: cleared to approach the airport * flashing red and green: exercise extreme caution

Answer 193

* Manual METAR: SKC * Automated METAR: CLR

Answer 194

Generally, less than an hour.

Answer 195

* TAFs: 0000 UTC, 0600, 1200, 1800. Valid for 24 hours * METARs: on the hour. No validity period; observation, not forecast * Area forecast: 3 times daily, good for 18 hours

Answer 196

Vertical visibility, 500 feet.

Answer 197

The altimeter would read higher than the actual altitude. ## Footnote *"High to Low, look out below"*

Answer 198

When the temperature drops, the altimeter reads higher than actual. ## Footnote *Hot to cold, look out below.*

Weather Review Flashcards

Weather Topics for the Charter Pilot (227 cards)