Week 1

Question 1

Empirical methods

Answer 1

Approaches to inquiry that are tied to actual measurement and observation

Question 2

Ethical guidelines

Answer 2

Guidelines that offer researchers a template for making decisions that protect research participants form potential harm and that steer scientists away from conflicts of interest or other compromising situations

Question 3

Hypothesis

Answer 3

A logical idea that can be tested
A tentative explanation that is subject to testing

Question 4

Systematic observation

Answer 4

The careful observation of the natural world with the aim of better understanding it. Observations provide the basic data that provide scientists to track, tally, or organize information about the world

Question 5

Theories

Answer 5

Groups of closely related phenomena or observations

Question 6

Anecdotal evidence

Answer 6

A piece of evidence, usually drawn from personal experience, used to support a conclusion that may or may not be correct

Question 7

Deducted reasoning

Answer 7

A form of reasoning in which a given premise determines the interpretation of specific observations

Question 8

Distribution

Answer 8

The relative frequency that a particular value occurs for each possible value of a given variable

Question 9

Empirical

Answer 9

Concerned with observation and/or the ability to verify a claim

Question 10

Fact

Answer 10

Objective information about the world

Question 11

Falsify

Answer 11

The ability of a claim to be tested and possibly refuted, a defining feature of science

Question 12

Generalize

Answer 12

The degree to which one can extend conclusions drawn from the findings of a study to other groups or situations not included in the study

Question 13

Induction

Answer 13

To draw general conclusions from specific observations

Question 14

Inductive reasoning

Answer 14

A form of reasoning in which a general conclusion from a set of observations leads to a general conclusion **

Question 15

Levels of analysis

Answer 15

There are complimentary understandings and explanations of phenomena

Question 16

Null-hypothesis significance testing (NHST)

Answer 16

A test created to determine the chances that an alternative hypothesis would produce a result as extreme as the one observed if the null hypothesis was true

Question 17

Objective

Answer 17

Being free of personal bias

Question 18

Population

Answer 18

All the people belonging to a particular group

Question 19

Probability

Answer 19

A measure of the degree of certainty of the occurrence of an event

Question 20

Probability values

Answer 20

The established threshold for determining whether a given value occurs chance by chance

Question 21

Pseudoscience

Answer 21

Beliefs or practices that are presented as being scientific, but are not

Question 22

Representative

Answer 22

The degree to which a sample is a typical example of the population from which it is drawn

Question 23

Sample

Answer 23

People selected from a population who are selected to serve as an example of the population

Question 24

Scientific theory

Answer 24

An explanation for observed phenomena that is empirically well-supported, consistent, and fruitful (predictive)

Question 25

Type 1 error

Answer 25

Rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true

Question 26

Type 2 error

Answer 26

Failing to reject the null hypothesis when it is false

Question 27

Value

Answer 27

Belief about the way things should be

Question 28

Behaviorism

Answer 28

The study of behavior

Question 29

Cognitive psychology

Answer 29

The study of mental orocesses

Question 30

Consiousness

Answer 30

Awareness of ourselves and our environment

Question 31

Empiricism

Answer 31

The belief that knowledge comes from experience

Question 32

Eugenics

Answer 32

The practice of selective breeding to promote desired traits

Question 33

Flashbulb memory

Answer 33

A highly detailed and vivid memory of an emotionally significant event

Question 34

Functionalism

Answer 34

A school of American psychology that focused on the utility of consciousness

Question 35

Gestalt psychology

Answer 35

An attempt to study the unity of experience

Question 36

Intospection

Answer 36

A method of focusing on internal processes

Question 37

Neural impulse

Answer 37

An electro-chemical signal that enables neurons to communicate

Question 38

Practitioner-Scholar Model

Answer 38

A model of training of professional psychologists that emphasizes clinical practice

Question 39

Psychophysics

Answer 39

Study of the relationships between physical stimuli and the perception of those stimuli

Question 40

Realism

Answer 40

A point of view that emphasizes the importance of the sense in providing knowledge of the external world

Question 41

Scientists-Practitioner Model

Answer 41

A model of training of professional psychologists that emphasizes the development of both research and clinical skills

Question 42

Structuralism

Answer 42

A school of American psychology that sought to describe the elements of conscious experience

Question 43

Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

Answer 43

The inability to pull a word from memory even though there is the sensation that that word is availabel