Week 4

Question 1

Chunk

Answer 1

The process of grouping information together using our knowledge

Question 2

Classical

Answer 2

Describes stimulus-stimulus associative learning

Question 3

Encoding

Answer 3

Process of putting information into memory

Question 4

Habituation

Answer 4

Occurs when the response to a stimulus decreases with exposure

Question 5

Implicit learning

Answer 5

Occurs when we acquire information without intent that we cannot easily express

Question 6

Implicit memory

Answer 6

A type of long-term memory that does not require conscious thought to encode - type of memory one makes without intent

Question 7

Incidental learning

Answer 7

Any type of learning that happens without the intent to learn

Question 8

Intentional learning

Answer 8

Any type of learning that happens when motivated by intention

Question 9

Metacognition

Answer 9

Describes the knowledge and skills people have in monitoring and controlling their own learning and memory

Question 10

Nonassociative learning

Answer 10

Occurs when a single repeated exposure leads to a change in behavior

Question 11

Operant conditioning

Answer 11

Describes stimulus-response associative learning

Question 12

Perceptual learning

Answer 12

Occurs when aspects of our perception changes as a function of experience

Question 13

Sensitization

Answer 13

Occurs when the response to a stimulus increases with exposure

Question 14

Transfer-appropriate processing

Answer 14

A principle that states that memory performance is superior when a test taps the same cognitive processes as the original encoding activity

Question 15

Working memory

Answer 15

A form of memory we use to hold onto information temporarily, usually for the purposes of manipulation

Question 16

Blocking

Answer 16

In classical conditioning, the finding that no conditioning occurs to a stimulus if it is combined with a previously conditioned stimulus during conditioning trials

Question 17

Conditioned compensatory response

Answer 17

In classical conditioning, a conditioned response that opposes the unconditioned response. Functions to reduce the strength of the unconditioned stimulus. Often seen in conditioning when drugs are used as unconditioned stimuli

Question 18

Conditioned response (CR)

Answer 18

The response that is elicited by the conditioned stimulus after classical conditioning

Question 19

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

Answer 19

An initially neutral stimulus that elicits a conditioned response after it has been associated with an unconditioned stimulus

Question 20

Discriminative stimulus

Answer 20

In operant conditioning, a stimulus that signals whether the response will be reinforced. “Sets the occasion” for operant response

Question 21

Extinction

Answer 21

Decrease in the strength of a learned behavior that occurs when the conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimuus

Question 22

Fear conditioning

Answer 22

Pavlovian conditioning in which the conditioned stimulus is associated with an aversive unconditioned stimulus, and because of learning, the CS comes to evoke fear

Question 23

Goal-directed behavior

Answer 23

Instrumental behavior that is influences by the animal’s knowledge of the association between the behavior and its consequence and the current value of the consequence

Question 24

Habit

Answer 24

Instrumental behavior that occurs automatically in the presence of a stimulus and is no longer influenced by the animal’s knowledge of the value of the reinforcer

Question 25

Law of effect

Answer 25

The idea that instrumental or operant responses are influences by their effects

Question 26

Observational learning

Answer 26

Learning by observing the behavior of others

Question 27

Operant

Answer 27

A behavior that is controlled by its consequences

Question 28

Prediction error

Answer 28

When the outcome of a conditioning trial is different from that which is predicted by the conditioned stimuli that are present on the trial

Question 29

Preparedness

Answer 29

The idea that an organism's evolutionary history can make it easy to learn a particular association

Question 30

Punsiher

Answer 30

A stimulus that decreases the strength of an operant behavior when it is made a consequence of the behavior

Question 31

Quantitative law of effect

Answer 31

Mathematical rule that states that the effectiveness of a reinforcer at strengthening an operant response depends on the amount of reinforcement earned for all alternative behaviors

Question 32

Reinforcer

Answer 32

Any consequence of a behavior that strengthens the behavior or increases the likelihood that it will be performed again

Question 33

Reinforcer devaluation effect

Answer 33

The finding that an animal will stop performing an instrumental response that once led to a reinforcer if the reinforcer is separately made aversive or undesirable

Question 34

Renewal effect

Answer 34

Recovery of an extinguished response that occurs with the passage of time after extinction

Question 35

Social learning theory

Answer 35

The theory that people can learn new responses and behaviors by observing the behavior of others

Question 36

Social models

Answer 36

Authorities that are the targets for observation and who model behaviors

Question 37

Spontaneous recovery

Answer 37

Recovery of an extinguish response that occurs with the passage of time after extinction

Question 38

Stimulus control

Answer 38

When an operant behavior is controlled by a stimulus that precedes it

Question 39

Taste aversion learning

Answer 39

The phenomenon in which a taste is paired with sickness, and this causes the organism to reject - and dislike - the taste in the future

Question 40

Unconditioned stimulus (US)

Answer 40

In classical conditioning, the stimulus that elicits the response before conditioning occurs

Question 41

Unconditioned response (UR)

Answer 41

In classical conditioning, an innate response that is elicited by a stimulus before conditioning

Question 42

Vicarious reinforcement

Answer 42

Learning that occurs by observing the reinforcement or punishment of another person

Question 43

Accommodation

Answer 43

Changing one's beliefs about the world in light of new experiences

Question 44

Appraisal structure

Answer 44

The set of appraisals that bring about a new emotion

Question 45

Appraisal theories

Answer 45

Evaluations that relate what is happening in the environment to people's values, goals, and beliefs. Contend what emotions are caused by patterns of appraisals

Question 46

Awe

Answer 46

Emotion associated with profound, moving experiences

Question 47

Confusion

Answer 47

Emotion associated with conflicting and contrary information

Question 48

Coping potential

Answer 48

People's beliefs about their ability to handle challenges

Question 49

Functionalist theories of emotion

Answer 49

Theories of emotion that emphasize the adaptive role of an emotion in handling common problems throughout evolutionary history

Question 50

Impasse-driven learning

Answer 50

An approach to instruction that motivates active learning by having learners work through perplexing barriers

Question 51

Interest

Answer 51

Emotion associated with curiosity and intrigue

Question 52

Intrinsically motivated learning

Answer 52

Learning that is "for its own sake"

Question 53

Knowledge emotions

Answer 53

Family of emotions associated with learning, reflecting, and exploring

Question 54

Openness to experience

Answer 54

One of the five major factors of personality, associated with higher curiosity, creativity, emotional breadth, and open-mindedness

Question 55

Surprise

Answer 55

Emotion rooted in expectancy violation that orients people toward the unexpected event

Question 56

Trait curiosity

Answer 56

Stable individual-differences in how easily and how often people become curious