Week 2

Question 1

Cause-and-effect

Answer 1

Related to whether one variable is causing changes in the other variable, vs. other variables that may be related to these two variable

Question 2

Confidence interval

Answer 2

An interval of plausible values for a population parameter; the interval of values within a margin of error of a statistic

Question 3

Distribution

Answer 3

The pattern of variation in the data

Question 4

Margin of error

Answer 4

The expected amount of random variation in the a statistic; often definition for a 95% confidence level

Question 5

Parameter

Answer 5

A numerical result summarizing a population (ex. mean, proportion)

Question 6

Population

Answer 6

The larger collections of individuals that we would like to generalize our results to

Question 7

P-value

Answer 7

The probability of observing a particular outcome in a sample, or more extreme, under a conjecture about the larger population or process

Question 8

Random assignment

Answer 8

Using a probably-based method to divide a sample into treatment groups

Question 9

Random sampling

Answer 9

Using a probability-based method to select a subset of individuals from the population for the sample

Question 10

Reliability

Answer 10

The consistency of a measure

Question 11

Sample

Answer 11

The collection of individuals on which we collect data

Question 12

Statistical significance

Answer 12

A result is statistically significant if it is unlikely to arise by chance

Question 13

Validity

Answer 13

The degree to which a measure is assessing what it is intended to measure

Question 14

Confound

Answer 14

Factors that undermine the ability to draw causal inferences from an experiment

Question 15

Dependent variable

Answer 15

The variable the researcher measures but does not manipulate in an experiment

Question 16

Correlation

Answer 16

Measures the association between two variables, or how they go together

Question 17

Experimenter expectations

Answer 17

When the experimenter’s expectations influence the outcome of a study

Question 18

Independent variable

Answer 18

The variable that the researcher manipulates and controls in an experiment

Question 19

Longitudinal study

Answer 19

A study that follows the same group of individuals over time

Question 20

Operational definitions

Answer 20

How researchers specifically measure a concept

Question 21

Participant demand

Answer 21

When participants behave in a way that they think the experimenter wants them to behave

Question 22

Placebo effect

Answer 22

When receiving special treatment or something new affects human behavior

Question 23

Quasi-experimental design

Answer 23

An experiment that does not require random assignment to conditions

Question 24

Ambulatory assessment

Answer 24

Term describing methodologies that assess the behavior, physiology, experience, and environments of humans in naturalistic settings

Question 25

Daily diary method

Answer 25

Methodology where participants complete a questionnaire about their thoughts, feelings, and behavior of the day at the end of the day

Question 26

Day reconstruction method (DRM)

Answer 26

Methodology where participants describe their experiences and behavior of a given day retrospectively upon a systematic reconstruction on the following day

Question 27

Ecological momentary assessment

Answer 27

An overarching term to describe methodologies that repeatedly sample participants' real-world experiences, behavior, and physiology in real time

Question 28

Ecological validity

Answer 28

Degree to which a study finding has been obtained under conditions that are typical for what happens in daily life

Question 29

Electronically activated recorder (EAR)

Answer 29

Methodology where participants report on their momentary thoughts, feelings, and behaviors at different points in time over the course of a day

Question 30

External validity

Answer 30

The degree to which a finding generalizes from the specific sample and context of a study to some larger population and broader settings

Question 31

Full-cycle psychology

Answer 31

Scientific approach where researchers start with an observational field study to identify an effect in the real word, follow up with lab experimentation to verify the effect and isolate causal mechanisms, and return to field research to corroborate their experimental findings

Question 32

Internal validity

Answer 32

The degree to which a cause-effect relationship between two variables have been unambiguously established

Question 33

Linguistic inquiry and word count

Answer 33

A quantitative text analysis methodology that automatically extracts grammatical and psychological information from a text by counting word frequencies

Question 34

Lived day analysis

Answer 34

Methodology where a research team follows an individual around with a video camera to document their life

Question 35

White coat hypertension

Answer 35

Phenomenon in which patients exhibit elevated blood pressure in the hospital or doctor's office but not in everyday life