Week 1 Molecular interactions

Question 1

Elements

Answer 1

Smallest form of matter, consisting of atoms

Question 2

Atom contains

Answer 2

2 particles, protons (+) and neutrons (no charge)

Question 3

What orbits the atom

Answer 3

electrons (-)

Question 4

Neutral atom

Answer 4

equal number of electrons and protons

Question 5

octet rule

Answer 5

outer most orbit has 8 electrons

Question 6

chemical bond

Answer 6

Electrons experience a force attraction from both atoms & this (-/+/-) attraction holds the two atoms together

Question 7

covalent bonds

Answer 7

when to atoms share electrons

Question 8

Ionic bond

Answer 8

one atom gains electrons becoming an anion, and one loses an electron becoming a cation

Question 9

Ions

Answer 9

Loos or gain of electrons causes atoms to gain a charge and now they are called IONS.
(cation/anion)

Question 10

major ions in the body

Answer 10

Hydrogen, Carbon, Oxygen, Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Phosphate & Chloride

Question 11

molecular polarity

Answer 11

When electrons are unevenly distributed with in the molecule creating poles.

Question 12

Polar molecules

Answer 12

One end has a (+) charge (pole), Other end has a (-) charge (pole)

Question 13

nonpolar molecules

Answer 13

No charge on the molecule

Question 14

hydrogen bonds

Answer 14

The (+) end of 1 molecule gets attracted to a (-) end of another molecule forming the Hydrogen bonds

Question 15

Ranges of pH

Answer 15

0-14, (acidic:0-7, neutral:7-8, basic 8-14)

Question 16

Acid

Answer 16

Donates H⁺ ions to a solution ( H₂CO₃ - Carbonic Acid)

Question 17

Base

Answer 17

Binds with H⁺ ions from solution

HCO₃ - Bicarbonate

Question 18

Buffer

Answer 18

A substance that minimizes pH change of that solution when a “acid/base” is added to it (tries to keep the pH as close to the same as possible)

Question 19

Buffer system found in our body: when pH is increased

Answer 19

Carbonic Acid Bicarbonate System- CO2H2O->H2CO3->H+HCO3

Question 20

Buffer system found in our body: when pH is decreased

Answer 20

HCO3+H->H2CO3->CO2+H2O

Question 21

decrease in pH means :

Answer 21

there is a lot of “H” in your blood so to get rid of it

Question 22

Increase in pH means:

Answer 22

there is not enough “H” in your blood and you need to produce more

Question 23

4 main classes of organic molecules

Answer 23

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Question 24

Carbohydrates

Answer 24

Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides

Question 25

What are the three types of lipids

Answer 25

phospholipids, triglycerides, steroids

Question 26

Saturated triglycerides

Answer 26

cause of cardiovascular disease

Question 27

Unsaturated triglycerides

Answer 27

good fats, stored and serves as energy

Question 28

phospholipids structure and function

Answer 28

Structure: head(hydrophilic) & Tail(hydrophobic) Function: Plasma membrane

Question 29

Amino acids

Answer 29

building blocks for proteins, 20 types

Question 30

out of 20 How many amino acids produced by your body

Answer 30

11

Question 31

out of 20 how many amino acids produced by your diet

Answer 31

9

Question 32

polypeptides

Answer 32

100 or more amino acids in a chain

Question 33

what does homocysteine (AA) do if increased

Answer 33

Increase levels = increase chances of cardiovascular disease

Question 34

Gama- Amino-Butyric Acid (AA) is a :

Answer 34

Neurotransmitter

Question 35

Creatine (AA)

Answer 35

provides energy to muscles

Question 36

codon

Answer 36

3 nucleotides

Question 37

1 codon =

Answer 37

1 amino acid

Question 38

Proteins are

Answer 38

fundamental components of all living cells

Question 39

How are proteins produces

Answer 39

via two complex processes: transcription and translation

Question 40

Primary structure of a protein

Answer 40

polypeptide/polypeptide chain (chain of amino acids)

Question 41

Secondary structure of a protein

Answer 41

alpha helix(right handed spiral) or beta pleated sheet(2 polypeptides linked together)

Question 42

tertiary structure of a protein

Answer 42

3D and functional

Question 43

quaternary structure of protein

Answer 43

two or more of the tertiary structures put together

Question 44

only ___ and ___ are functional structures. ___ and ___ are not.

Answer 44

only tertiary and quaternary are functional structures. Primary and secondary are not.

Question 45

inactive proteins start with a __ or end with a ___.

Answer 45

inactive proteins start with a "pro" or end with a "ogen."

Question 46

Protein activity can be controlled, either by

Answer 46

activating it or inhibiting it. | Such factors are called Protein Modulators.

Question 47

Activators: activate proteins

Answer 47

Proteolytic activators, Allosteric activator, & Cofactors (ions, small organic functional groups)

Question 48

Inhibitors: Inhibit proteins

Answer 48

``` Competitive Inhibitor & Allosteric inhibitor (noncompetitive inhibitor) ```

Question 49

allosteric activator

Answer 49

a modulator that binds to a protein away from binding site and turns it on

Question 50

proteolytic activator

Answer 50

protein is inactive until peptide fragments are removed

Question 51

cofactor

Answer 51

required for an active binding site, w/o cofactor protein is inactive

Question 52

3 main cofactors in the body

Answer 52

(magnesium calcium iron)

Question 53

Noncompetitive inhibitor(allosteric inhibitor)

Answer 53

a modulator that binds to a protein away from binding site and turns it off

Question 54

competitive inhibitor

Answer 54

competes with Ligand for the binding site

Question 55

The competitive inhibitor can be reversed if

Answer 55

you increase ligand concentration

Question 56

protein denaturation

Answer 56

Permanent disruption of protein structure, leading to loss of function. Proteins revert back to primary structure from tertiary/quaternary

Question 57

DNA is often called a

Answer 57

polynucleotide because they are made of nucleotides

Question 58

Structure of DNA nucleotide

Answer 58

phosphate, sugar, and a base

Question 59

Sugar in DNA

Answer 59

deoxyribose

Question 60

Bases in DNA

Answer 60

adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine

Question 61

strands in DNA are linked via

Answer 61

hydrogen bonds

Question 62

DNA backbone

Answer 62

phosphate/sugar

Question 63

DNA interior

Answer 63

Bases

Question 64

Nucleotide binding rule

Answer 64

Adenine - Thymine, Cytosine - Guanine

Question 65

DNA characteristics

Answer 65

complimentary, hydrogen bonds sustaining helix formation, and antiparallel

Question 66

antiparallel

Answer 66

applied to two molecules that are side by side but run in opposite directions, one strands runs: 5’ – 3’ and the other strand runs: 3’ – 5’

Question 67

What does RNA stand for and what is its function

Answer 67

ribose nucleic acid, Function: protein synthesis

Question 68

Types of RNA

Answer 68

mRNA(messenger), tRNA(transfer), rRNA(ribosomal)

Question 69

which type of RNA can you find in the nucleus

Answer 69

only mRNA

Question 70

which kind of RNA can you find in cytoplasm

Answer 70

all three, mRNA/tRNA/rRNA

Question 71

RNA composition

Answer 71

sugar-ribose, phosphate and a base

Question 72

Bases of RNA

Answer 72

adenine-uracil, guanine-cytosine

Question 73

What does ATP stand for and what is it

Answer 73

adenosine triphosphate, energy molecule

Question 74

What is NAD nucleotide and what is its function

Answer 74

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, it is a cofactor- carries INDIFFERENT form of energy

Question 75

What is FAD and what is its function

Answer 75

flavin adenine dinucleotide, it is a cofactor- carries INDIFFERENT form of energy

Question 76

What is cAMP and what is its function

Answer 76

cyclic adenine monoculceotide, signal transduction