Week 3 metabolism

Question 1

Metabolism either ____ ____ or _____ _____.

Answer 1

requires energy or releases energy

Question 2

Different forms of energy in metabolic pathways:

Answer 2

ATP, Heat, Electrons & Hydrogen and coenzymes (NAD/FAD)

Question 3

Coenzymes ___ ___ electrons & hydrogens.

Answer 3

Hold onto or pick up

Question 4

NAD(Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is a

Answer 4

coenzyme (mother)

Question 5

FAD(Flavin adenine dinucleotide) is a

Answer 5

coenzyme (father)

Question 6

ATP is the ____ energy molecule that is used as fuel.

Answer 6

main

Question 7

What does ATP stand for ?

Answer 7

adenosine TRIphosphate

Question 8

How does ATP release energy?

Answer 8

By giving off ONE of its THREE phosphate ions and in that process energy is released. The ATP then turns to ADP

Question 9

When we eat our ADP(uncharged) turns into …

Answer 9

ATP (charged)

Question 10

Metabolism

Answer 10

Sum of all chemical reactions occurring in the body

Question 11

Two main branches of Metabolism:

Answer 11

Catabolism and Anabolism

Question 12

Catabolism is the process of

Answer 12

taking a macromolecule and breaking it down to monomers, in this process you RELEASE energy (CHOP, cutting down)

Question 13

Anabolism is the process of:

Answer 13

taking monomers and putting them together to make macromolecules, in this process you INVEST energy

Question 14

All enzymes are made up of _____.

Answer 14

Proteins

Question 15

Enzymes function as _____.

Answer 15

Catalyst

Question 16

Catalysts ____ reactions.

Answer 16

speed up

Question 17

In the absence of enzymes, reactions will take ____ instead of ____. As a consequence you are diverted from _____.

Answer 17

hours, minutes, homeostasis

Question 18

Substrate:

Answer 18

Reactants, bind to the enzyme and needs to be converted to something new via reaction

Question 19

Product:

Answer 19

substance that comes out of the reaction

Question 20

Active site:

Answer 20

site on the enzyme where the substrate binds

Question 21

Substrate specific:

Answer 21

will only bind its substrate and not another

Question 22

Induced fit:

Answer 22

substrate binds the active site -> enzyme contours to the shape of the substrate -> enzyme-substrate interaction stronger. (MAKES SURE SUBSTRATE DOES NOT MOVE)

Question 23

Activation energy:

Answer 23

Amount of energy required to initiate a reaction

Question 24

Enzymes decrease the Activation energy causing reactions to occur _____.

Answer 24

Faster, makes the start time much less, like starting a car. You’ll be able to drive off faster if you decrease the amount of time it takes to start it.

Question 25

Optimal Conditions

Answer 25

Only works in specific pH & temperature. Enzymes have an optimal condition because they are a PROTEIN.

Question 26

Enzymes are never _____ or _____ during a process. Once done they are ready for a new cycle.

Answer 26

Damage or eliminate

Question 27

Feedback inhibition :

Answer 27

A way to control how much product you are producing. Too much / too less product will alter the enzyme function to maintain homeostasis. (Too much product will inhibit its own production and too less will stimulate its own production)

Question 28

Protein modulators:

Answer 28

Factors that enhance / alter protein binding or activity

Question 29

Protein Activators:

Answer 29

Activate proteins (proteolytic/allosteric/and cofactors)

Question 30

Protein Inhibitors:

Answer 30

Inhibit proteins (competitive inhibitor & Allosteric inhibitor (noncompetitive))

Question 31

Proteolytic activator:

Answer 31

Protein is inactive until peptide fragments are removed

Question 32

Allosteric activator:

Answer 32

Binds to an inactive protein with no binding site for ligand and causes it to change shape and form a binding site for the ligand

Question 33

Cofactor:

Answer 33

cofactors have a binding site so they bind to an inactive protein allowing the ligand to bind to them and the protein

Question 34

Most common cofactors are :

Answer 34

Ca(calcium), Mg(magnesium), & Fe(iron)

Question 35

Competitive inhibitor:

Answer 35

blocks the ligand binding site of a protein by binding to it

Question 36

Competitive inhibitor can be overcome by ___ the _________ ________.

Answer 36

increasing , substrate (ligand) concentration

Question 37

Allosteric inhibitor(noncompetitive inhibitor):

Answer 37

The noncompetitive inhibitor binds to the site away from the ligand site causing the protein to change shape, losing its ligand binding site. This is irreversible.

Question 38

When taking about enzymes which terms do you use? active site or binding site , ligand or substrate

Answer 38

active site/substrate(reactant)

Question 39

When taking about proteins which terms do you use? active site or binding site , ligand or substrate

Answer 39

Binding site/ligand

Question 40

What is another name for aerobic metabolism?

Answer 40

Cellular respiration

Question 41

What is another names for cellular respiration ?

Answer 41

Aerobic metabolism

Question 42

Cellular respiration is made up of four metabolic pathways:

Answer 42

glycolysis , preparatory step(intermediate step) , Citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle), and electron transport system (ETC)

Question 43

Which three metabolic pathway steps occur within the mitochondria?

Answer 43

preparatory step(intermediate step) , Citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle), and electron transport system (ETC)

Question 44

What must you have for the metabolic pathways to occur in the mitochondria?

Answer 44

oxygen

Question 45

Anytime your body produces indirect forms of energy it goes to the _____ to convert it to ATP.

Answer 45

ETC , electronic transport chain

Question 46

Glucose we eat enters the pathway called

Answer 46

glycolysis; (producing ATP)

Question 47

Product of predatory step (intermediate step) goes to the ____ to turn it into ATP.

Answer 47

citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle)

Question 48

ETC (electronic transport system/chain)

Answer 48

A process in which the indirect energy (NADH+H & FADH2) is converted into direct energy (ATP).

Question 49

ETC process occurs in the :

Answer 49

Inner mitochondrial membrane

Question 50

In presence of Oxygen pyruvate :

Answer 50

Enters mitochondria and starts intermediate step

Question 51

In absence of Oxygen pyruvate

Answer 51

Stays in cytoplasm and becomes lactic acid

Question 52

Carbohydrates, after being used by your body, are converted to _____ via glycogenesis, and then converted to _____ via lipogenesis.

Answer 52

glycogen, fats

Question 53

Type of carbohydrate

Answer 53

glucose

Question 54

Lipids, after being used by your body, are _____ then can be later converted into ____ via gluconeogenesis.

Answer 54

stored, glucose

Question 55

Types of lipids:

Answer 55

glycerol and free fatty acids

Question 56

Amino acids, after being used to produce proteins, are converted to _______ via gluconeogenesis.

Answer 56

glucose. (occurs in a starving state)

Question 57

Gluconeogenesis

Answer 57

Producing glucose from non-carbohydrate sources (fats/Amino Acids)

Question 58

Glycogenesis

Answer 58

Production of glycogen from glucose

Question 59

Glycogenolysis

Answer 59

Breakdown of glycogen to produce glucose

Question 60

Lipogenesis

Answer 60

Production of lipids

Question 61

Lipolysis

Answer 61

Breakdown of lipids

Question 62

Beta Oxidation

Answer 62

Converting fatty acids into acetyl-CoA, byproduct is ketone bodies