week 2 protein synthesis

Question 1

Transcription

Answer 1

(1st process) process in which mRNA is made from DNA, occurs in nucleus

Question 2

Translation occurs in _______ and is the _______ process in which _______ is made from _____.

Answer 2

cytoplasm, second, protein, mRNA

Question 3

protein synthesis

Answer 3

DNA-> Transcription-> mRNA-> Translation-> Protein

Question 4

Genes are the

Answer 4

recipe to make a protein-segment of DNA that codes for protein

Question 5

During transcription a ___ is used as a template to make mRNA.

Answer 5

Gene

Question 6

Promoter

Answer 6

Found at the beginning of a gene (starting point of a gene)

Question 7

Terminator

Answer 7

Identifies the end of a gene (GGGGG)

Question 8

Promoter is _____ when the body is not producing that protein.

Answer 8

Inactive

Question 9

Promoter must be ____ when it is time to produce that protein.

Answer 9

Activated

Question 10

What activates a promoter?

Answer 10

Transcriptional factors

Question 11

When are the transcription factors produced?

Answer 11

When the body need the protein to be produced

Question 12

Transcriptional factors are usually ____.

Answer 12

Hormones

Question 13

step 1 Transcription: Promoter activation

Answer 13

Transcriptional factors (TF) bind to the promoter and activate it. (makes them visible)

Question 14

Step 2 Transcription: Enzyme binding

Answer 14

Activation of the promoter causes an enzyme called RNA Polymerase (RP) to arrive and bind to the promoter, causing the gene to unwind.

Question 15

Step 3 Transcription: mRNA Synthesis

Answer 15

RNA Polymerase (RP) travels along the gene and places complimentary nucleotides until it reaches the terminator, then it stops. Creating the mRNA (immature)

Question 16

Step 4 Transcription: mRNA Release

Answer 16

RNA polymerase encounters Terminator-> detaches from gene-> primary mRNA released-> TF & RP degrades-> then promoter is inactive

Question 17

Primary mRNA (immature mRNA)

Answer 17

immature mRNA contains introns and exons

Question 18

Introns

Answer 18

junk information, does not code for anything

Question 19

Exons

Answer 19

Important information, codes for protein

Question 20

Mature mRNA should ONLY contain ______.

Answer 20

Exons

Question 21

Step 5 Transcription: mRNA editing

Answer 21

Process that matures mRNA, Two steps: removal or introns & adding cap and tail

Question 22

Spliceosomes

Answer 22

enzymes that remove the introns and combine the exons

Question 23

Methyl Group

Answer 23

The cap (chemical group)

Question 24

Poly “A” Tail is made up of

Answer 24

multiple adenine nucleotides

Question 25

Step 6 Transcription: Release of mature mRNA

Answer 25

Mature mRNA leaves the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm , then translation will start

Question 26

Mature mRNA has _____.

Answer 26

Nucleotides

Question 27

mRNA is a ____.

Answer 27

Polynucleotide

Question 28

Every three nucleotides on a mRNA is a _____.

Answer 28

Codon

Question 29

Codons represent an _____ _____.

Answer 29

Amino Acid, 1 codon = 1 amino acid

Question 30

Methionine is an ____ ____.

Answer 30

Amino Acid

Question 31

mRNA contains a ______ in the form of ____ that code for specific ___ ___.

Answer 31

message , codons, amino acids (proteins)

Question 32

Codons are the _____ ____.

Answer 32

genetic code

Question 33

There are __ codons in total and they code for __ amino acids.

Answer 33

64, 20

Question 34

Four most important codons

Answer 34

AUG, UAA, UAG, UGA

Question 35

AUG is a :

Answer 35

start codon, starts translation, represents methionine

Question 36

UAA / UAG / UGA are:

Answer 36

stop codons, stops translation, codes for no amino acid

Question 37

Translation is the process in which _____ is made from ____ and occurs in the _____.

Answer 37

protein, mRNA, cytoplasm

Question 38

Three steps of translation:

Answer 38

Initiation, Elongation, Termination

Question 39

The three type of RNAs needed for translation:

Answer 39

Messenger RNA (mRNA), Transfer RNA (tRNA), and Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Question 40

rRNA function:

Answer 40

holds mRNA together, during translation allows appropriate tRNA to enter

Question 41

rRNAs have two subunits :

Answer 41

1) small subunit (40s) & 2) Large subunit (60s)

Question 42

What size is the small rRNA subunit

Answer 42

40s

Question 43

what size is the large rRNA subunit

Answer 43

60s

Question 44

What is the importance of tRNA in translation?

Answer 44

They are the molecules that carry the amino acids during the process of translation

Question 45

tRNA structure:

Answer 45

it has two arms, T shaped, Anticodon arm & amino acid arm

Question 46

Anticodon arm of tRNA

Answer 46

goes across horizontally, contains nucleotides which are complimentary to the codon found on mRNA

Question 47

Amino Acid Arm of tRNA

Answer 47

Vertical to anticodon arm, contains the amino acid which is represented by the codon

Question 48

Initiation is the process in which

Answer 48

everything is gathered together (mRNA/tRNA/rRNA) and translation starts

Question 49

Elongation

Answer 49

when the polypeptide chain gets longer (ribosome moves a codon over-> new tRNA comes in-> amino acid makes a bond-> that tRNA leaves and the new tRNA comes in

Question 50

Termination:

Answer 50

Tells us translation is ending because ribosome came across a stop codon, everything then breaks apart and polypeptide chain enters Golgi apparatus

Question 51

What are the two large subunit types of rRNA?

Answer 51

A site and P site

Question 52

A site of rRNA:

Answer 52

allows tRNA to enter the ribosome

Question 53

P site of rRNA:

Answer 53

allows tRNA to exit the ribosome