Week 4 endocrine system Flashcards by Dominique Grable

What are the master endocrine glands?

hypothalamus and pituitary glands(Anterior/Posterior)

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How is the hypothalamus connected to the anterior pituitary?

blood vessels

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How is the hypothalamus connected to the posterior pituitary?

Infundibulum / Stak, (special tissue that runs from hypothalamus to posterior pituitary

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What are the specialized cells called that run from the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary?

neuroendocrine cells

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The dendrites and cell body of the neuroendocrine cells are found in the _________.

hypothalamus

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The axon body of the the neuroendocrine cells are found in the __________.

infundibulum

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The axon terminal of the neuroendocrine cells are found in the _______ _______.

posterior pituitary

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Neuroendocrine cells release ______ rather than ________.

hormones , neurotransmitters

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Neuroendocrine cells look like ____ but function as ____ cells.

neurons, endocrine

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What are the two different types of neuroendocrine cells ?

Supraoptic and paraventricular

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Supraoptic produces and secretes:

ADH

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Paraventricular cell produces and secretes:

Oxytocin

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ADH and Oxytocin are _______ in the hypothalamus and are _____ /_____ by the posterior pituitary.

produced, stored/secreted

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ADH stands for

anti-diuretic hormone

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ADH prevents you from _______ and causes you to _____ water.

urinating, retain

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Wha are the signals for ADH release?

Dehydration: increased solute(NOT WATER) concentration (osmolarity) & decreased BP

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Describe the release of ADH

ADH produced in hypothalamus->stored/released by post.pituitary-> ADH travels to kidney collecting ducts-> enters water channels and causes reobsorption

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What causes oxytocin to be released?

cervical/uterine contraction and breast sucking

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What happens when oxytocin reaches the uterus?

the myometrium contracts causing labor

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What does oxytocin do after labor?

causes the cervix/uterus to revert back to its normal shape

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What happens when oxytocin reaches the breast?

milk ejection

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Growth hormones are produced by _________.

Somatotrophs

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Somatotrophs are located in the

anterior pituitary

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what causes growth hormone to be released ?

GhRH (growth hormone releasing hormone)

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In childhood/adolescence the growth hormone causes an increase in _____&_____ by releasing ______ _____ _____ _______ from the _____.

mass & length, insulin like growth factors (IGFs), liver

In adults the growth hormone causes :

gluconeogenesis: glycogen and fats to be converted into glucose

The zona glomerulosa layer of the adrenal cortex releases

ALDOSTERONE (mineralocorticoid)

The zona fasciculata layer of the adrenal cortex releases

CORTISOL (Glucocorticoid / Corticosterone)

The zona reticular layer of the adrenal cortex releases

SEX HORMONES | Androgens

The adrenal medulla layer of AC (adrenal cortex) releases

EPINEPHRINE & NOREPINEPHRINE (Catecholamines)

Epinephrine & norephinephrine activate the

sympathetic nervous system (fight/flight)

What causes CRH (Corticotrophin releasing hormone) to be released?

Morning peaks, fever, and hypoglycemia

What causes anterior pituitary to release ACTH

CRH (Corticotrophin releasing hormone)

What cells cause ACTH to release its hormones

Corticotrophs

What does ACTH cause the adrenal gland to release?

cortisol, sex hormones, and aldosterone

What does cortisol do?

controls sacadian rhythm (sleep wake cycle), maintains BS lvls (fat/protein/carbohydrate metabolism), suppresses immune system, anti-inflammatory actions, maintains BP/blood vessel tone/proper cardiac contraction, CNS activation

What are the sex hormones that are released also known as ?

weak androgens

What are the three sex hormones(weak androgens) that are released?

Androstenedione & Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) -> (T & E) , & Estradiol

When Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) reaches the gonads it turns into either

estrogen or testosterone

Weak androgens are presents during:

puberty, sex drive, and after menopause (estradiol)

Renin-angiotensin aldosterone-system (RAAS) is a

complex multi organ endocrine (hormone) system involved in the regulation of blood pressure.

Angiotensinogen is produced by the _____ and is secreted in the ______ in its ______ form.

liver, plasma, inactive

In the RAAS, low blood pressure is detected by

baroreceptors

The baroreceptors are found within the

afferent arteriole

The afferent arterioles are found within the

kidneys

What are the steps of RAAS:

1. Drop in BP is detected by baroreceptors in afferent arterioles which causes renin to be released into plasma 2. in the plasma, renin finds the angiotensinogen which is in its inactive form and converts it to angiotensin I 3. Angiotensin I then travels to the lungs where the angiotensin converting enzyme is waiting for it and converts it to angiotensin II 4. Angiotensin II then travels to the adrenal cortex causing it to release the hormone aldosterone (when traveling to cortex it causes vasoconstriction of blood vessels which causes increased BP) 5. Aldosterone then travels to the collecting duct in the kidneys causing sodium to be re-absorbed and potassium to be secreted (salt retention)thus causing BP to rise again

What causes hypothalamus to release TRH?

low T3 & T4

What hormone causes the anterior pituitary gland to release TSH?

TRH (thyrotropin releasing hormone)

What gland houses TSH?

anterior pituitary gland

What gland houses T3/T4?

Thyroid

What causes the thyroid gland to release T4/T3?

TSH

Where do T3/T4 go when released from thyroid gland?

to peripheral tissues

A majority of T3/T4 that is released is

Which hormone cannot be utilized by the peripheral tissues ? T3 or T4

When T4 reaches the peripheral tissues it is converted into ____ via an enzyme called _____.

T3, iodinase

What does t3/t4 do in the body?

involved in heart rate, digestion, brain function, hair/skin, bones, muscles, and metabolism

Exocrine part of pancreas affects

digestion

What is the endocrine portion of pancreas called

islets of langerhans

what are the three cells of the endocrine part of the pancreas

alpha , beta , delta

Alpha cells secrete

glucagon

What is the function of glucagon

to increase blood glucose

Beta cells secrete

insulin

what is the function of insulin

to decrease blood sugar

Delta cells secrete

somatostatin

What is the function of somatostatin

inhibits alpha and beta from releasing glucagon/insulin

How does the beta cell release insulin

high glucose levels in plasma->glucose goes into the cell->glucose converts to ATP-> ATP causes ATP sensitive K+ channel to close-> cell depolarizes-> causes voltage Ca2+ channels to open-> Ca2+ enters causing exocytosis of insulin

What two glands aid in the calcium balance:

thyroid gland and parathyroid gland

What are the two hormones that the thyroid gland produces

calcitonin and T3/T4

What is t3/t4 responsible for

metabolism

What is calcitonin responsible for ?

to decrease Ca levels

What is the hormone produced by the parathyroid gland?

PTH(parathyroid hormone)

What is the function of the parathyroid hormone?

Increase calcium levels

Calcium balance process

1. Calcium lvl rises above set point 2. thyroid gland releases calcitonin 3. Blood calcium lvl falls 4. If calcium lvl falls below set point 5. Parathyroid glands release PTH 6. blood calcium lvl rises

PTH (parathyroid hormone) works on which organs and structures

kidneys, bones, and intestines

Calcitonin works on which organs and structures

kidneys & bones

In the bone, calcitonin causes

activates osteoblast activity which builds bone by taking calcium from blood and putting into bone, (increases bone calcium by decreasing blood calcium)

In the kidneys, calcitonin causes

increased calcium secretion in the urine

How does calcitonin cause calcium lvls to go down

by producing bone and by secreting the calcium through urine

In the bone, PTH causes

activates osteoclast activity which breaks bone down and thereby transferring calcium from the bone into the blood

In the kidneys, PTH causes

your kidneys to reabsorb calcium through urine, it also activates Vitamin D which causes calcium to be absorbed through the intestines from your diet

How does PTH cause your blood calcium lvls to increase?

by breaking bone down, causing your kidneys to reabsorb calcium through urine, and by causing your intestines to absorb calcium through intestines via vitamin D