Week 10 Flashcards
(21 cards)
What is the pulmonic airstream mechanism?
When air is pushed out from the lungs, it is said to be pulmonic. It involves the lungs, diaphragm, rib cage, and abdomen. It is the default airstream mechanism for most speech sounds.
What is the difference between egressive and ingressive sounds of the pulmonic airstream mechanism?
Most consonants and all vowels in the world’s languages use the pulmonic airstream mechanism and involve an egressive or outward flow of air from the lungs. Inward air flow are ingressive sounds.
What are the plosives in English that are produced with an egressive pulmonic airstream?
[p] [t] [k] [b] [d] [g]
What is the glotallic airstream mechanism?
When air from the lungs is contained below the glottis, a rapid movement of the glottis up or down pushes the trapped air in those directions.
What is the difference between egressive and ingressive sounds of the glotallic airstream mechanisms?
An upward (egressive) movement of the glottis increases air pressure in the vocal tract and will push the air out of the mouth. A downward (ingressive) movement of the glottis decreases the air pressure in the vocal tract and will cause air to be sucked into the mouth.
What are glottalic ejectives?
Consonants made with an egressive glottalic airstream mechanism are called ejectives. Because the vocal folds are shut, the sounds are voiceless.
How are glottalic ejectives made?
The back of the tongue comes up to form velar closure, occurs approximately simultaneously to the closure of the glottis.
The closed glottis is raised and the body of air in pharynx is compressed. The back of the tongue is lowered, releasing compressed pharynx air. The glottal closure is released.
What are some examples of glottalic egressive ejectives?
Blilabial [p’], dental/alveolar [t’], velar [k’], alveolar fricative [s’], alveaolar affricate [ts’], palato-alveolar affricate [ʧ’].
What are glottalic ingressive implosives?
Consonants made with an ingressive (inward) glottalic airstream mechanism. Unlike with ejectives, articulatory closure usually occurs first in implosives quickly followed by the downward movement of the glottis. Because there is still some air flowing through the vocal tract the air pressure is not affected as much as it is with ejectives.
How are glottalic implosives made?
Closure of the lips. Downward movement of vibrating glottis. Air from the lungs continues to flow through the glottis. Little change in pressure of the air in the oral tract. Lips come apart.
What are some examples of glottalic implosives
The vocal folds are not completely closed so the sound for all implosives is usually voiced. Bilabial [ɓ], dental/alveolar [ɗ], palatal [ʄ], velar [ɠ], uvular [ʛ].
What is the velaric airstream mechanism?
Movement of the air between two points of closure in the mouth (one at the velum and the other further forward). Consonants made with an ingressive velaric airstream mechanism are called clicks.
How are clicks made?
Back of the tongue is raised to form velar closure and tongue tip up to form front closure. While both the anterior and the velular closure are maintained, the body of the tongue moves down decreasing the pressure of the air in the front part of the mouth. Tongue tip lowered so that air rushes into the mouth. Velar closure is released.
What are some examples of velaric clicks?
Bilabial [ʘ], dental [ǀ], alveolar [!], palato-alveolar [ǂ], alveolar lateral click [ǁ].
Give a summary of the airstream mechanisms.
Pulmonic (egressive and ingressive). Glottalic (egressive - ejectives and ingressive - implosives). Velaric (clicks).
What are the different states of the glottis?
Based on the actions of the vocal folds, the glottis can assume different shapes which results in different types of phonation. There are 4 different states of the glottis: voiceless, (modal) voiced, breathy, creaky (laryngealized).
Describe the voiceless state of phonation.
The vocal folds are pull apart. Air flows freely through the spread glottis. No vocal fold vibration, no voicing. Breathing and voiceless speech sounds.
Describe the voiced state of phonation.
The vocal folds are held close together, but not shut. The air pushing through the constricted glottis causes the vocal folds to vibrate producing voicing. Voicing occurs during voiced speech sounds.
Describe the breathy voice state of phonation.
Unified auditory impression, but can be produced in different ways. Consonants and vowels can be produced with breathy voice. Phonemic in some languages, allophonic in others. The vocal folds are close enough to each other to vibrate, but pulled apart somewhere along their length. The wider opening is between the arytenoid cartilages but closed at the anterior end, this leads to air turbulence in addition to vocal fold vibration.
Describe the creaky voice state of phonation.
The vocal folds open and close irregularly
What is Bernoulli’s principle?
Bernoulli’s principle states that it is not a muscle movement that makes the vocal fold vibrate, instead it is an aerodynamic principle that makes them vibrate. When air flows steadily through a tube, all molecules move at about the same speed. When there is a constriction, the speed of molecules is the same before and after, but higher in the narrow passage. Since molecules move faster in the flow direction, they take a straighter path and move less in other directions. Since molecules move less in other directions, they bump less into the walls of the tube. Therefore, the molecules exert less force on the walls and the air pressure within the narrow passage is lower than before and after the constriction. The walls of the tube are sucked together, which is the Bernoulli effect.
