Week 8 Flashcards
(11 cards)
What are the four basic sound types?
Complex sound - voiced sound. Stems from phonation. Silence - closure. Amplitude is close to zero, no sound perceivable. Noise - Plosion. Caused by explosion of an oral or glottal closure. Noise - Friction Noise. Caused by turbulences when air streams through a constriction.
What are some main points on reading spectrograms?
Closures show white on spectrogram. Plosions show as a grey bar and sudden rise of amplitude in all frequency areas. Friction shows as a dark grey area above 2000Hz without clear horizontal structure. Vowels/sonorants show as harmonic structures with horizontal structures (formants).
How do nasals appear on a spectrogram?
Nasals are marked by an abrupt change in the spectrogram at the point of closure and by formant structure similar to vowels but much lighter. Usually: very low F1 around 250Hz, a large area above F1 with no energy, a faint F2 around 2000Hz.
How do fricatives appear on a spectrogram?
Fricatives are marked by random noise in the high frequencies. [f], [v], [θ], and [ð] involve less noise. [s], [z], [ʃ], and [ʒ] show noise in very high frequencies. Voiced fricatives are marked by a voice bar.
How do plosives appear on a spectrogram?
Plosives can be identified by the absence of cues during closure. In the case of voiced stops there will be evidence of voicing near the baseline (voice bar). Aspiration of initial voiceless stops is marked by a spike (the release) followed by noise in the upper frequencies.
What is Voice Onset Time(VOT)
The time from the release of a stop to the onset of voicing. It’s used to distinguish prevoiced, voiceless aspirated, and voiceless unaspirated.
What are the cues for velars?
F2 and F3 come together with high F2.
What are the cues for alveolars?
F2 and F3 steady with F2 about 1700Hz.
What are the cues for bilabials?
F2 and F3 at lower frequencies, rise in formants evident at beginning of vowel or lowering at end of vowel.
What are doubly articulated consonants?
Sounds that involve the simultaneous use of two articulators. Labio-velars, sometimes represented by one symbol [w]. Sometimes two symbols with a tie bar. Voiced labio-palatal approximant [ɥ].
What are voiceless nasals and how are they indicated diacritically?
They are rare, but do occur in some languages. Indicated with open circle diacritic [m̥].
