Week 9 Flashcards
(23 cards)
What are suprasegmentals?
Speech characteristics that exceed single segment units.
What is prosody?
The melody and rhythm of speech. The suprasegmental features of f0, intensity, duration and voice quality. Suprasegmental features = prosody of a language.
What are some examples of suprasegmental features?
Pitch (f0, Hz), length (duration, s /ms), loudness (intensity, dB).
Describe the suprasegmental feature length.
Length is a linguistic feature indicating a durational category (long, half-long, extra-short). Duration is a physical measurement of how much time it takes to produce a segment.
Describe stress.
English does not have lexical tones, but it has lexical prominence which is stress and applies to syllables. Some syllables are more prominent than others. Long words have primary stress and secondary stress. In English, stress is marked by f0, duration, and intensity. There are also some segmental changes (such as vowel reduction in many unstressed syllables, and alternation).
What is the difference between contour and register tone languages?
Contour tone language has moving and level tones, whereas register tone language only has level tones.
Describe the suprasegmental feature pitch.
Lexical tone is lexically fixed f0 on every syllable. Pitch accent includes the use of f0 on maximally one syllable per word. Intonation, the use of f0 for non-lexical purposes indicated distinctions above the word level.
What is the anatomy of a syllable?
Each syllable is built around a sonority peak, the nucleus. With optional consonants before the nucleus, onset, and optional consonants after the nucleus, coda.
What is sonority?
Sounds can be grouped into a sonority hierarchy. Generally, a syllable shows a rise-fall sonority pattern. The hierarchy (from lowest to highest) includes stops and affricates, fricatives, nasals, taps and laterals, approximants, and vowels.
What is the structure of a syllable?
A syllable is a string of segments with a single sonority peak. The sonority peak is the nucleus (usually a vowel), the onset is maximized, the rest is coda. In English, nasals or higher (on the hierarchy) can be the nuclei.
What is an ambisyllabic consonant?
An ambisyllabic consonant is the coda of one syllable and the onset of the next syllable at the same time.
What are some examples of the evidence for syllables?
Writing systems, language acquisition, language games, poetry, phonological phenomena
What can be conveyed by prosody?
Lexical distinctions, syntactic structure, sentence type/discourse function, information structure, discourse structuring indicators, attitudes and emotions, native language/dialect of the speaker, gender and age of the speaker.
What is the purpose of diacritics?
Diacritics modify or specify IPA characters to indicate deviation from normal pronunciation. They appear after character to show modification of the whole sound or the end of the sound, and appear before the sound show modification of the beginning.
What diacritics are related to phonation?
Voiceless, voiced, breathy voiced, and creaky voiced are related to phonation. They are used with consonants and vowels.
What diacritics are related to consonant release?
Aspirated, nasal release, lateral release, and no audible release are related to consonant release. They are used with plosives.
What diacritics are related to place of articulation for consonants?
Linguolabial, dental, apical, laminal are related to the place of articulation for consonants. Apical and laminal involve the active articulator, dental involves the passive articulator, and linguolabial involves both as the tongue meets the upper lip.
What diacritics are related to vowel frontness/backness?
Advanced and retracted are articulation diacritics related to frontness/backness. Can also be applied to consonants. Centralized and mid-centralized are also diacritics related to vowel frontness/backness.
What diacritics are related to vowel height/openness?
Raised and lowered are diacritics related to vowel height/openness. Can also be applied to consonants.
What diacritics are related to lip rounding?
More rounded and less rounded are related to lip rounding.
What diacritics are related to consonants with a second place of articulation?
Labialized, palatalized, velarized, pharyngealized, and velarized or pharyngealized are related to consonants with two places of articulation.
What diacritics are related to vowels with two places of articulation?
Nasalized, rhoticity, advanced tongue root, and retracted tongue root are related to vowels with more than one place of articulation.
What are diacritics related to syllabicity?
Syllabic and non-syllabic are related to syllabicity.
