Week 10: Individual Differences and Personality Flashcards
(12 cards)
Personality
- “Personality is the unique p_____ of enduring th_______, f_________,
and a_______ that characterise a person” - Uniqueness (or individual d__________)
- Enduring (consistency)
- Across t____
- Across s_________
- Allows p________
Personality
- “Personality is the unique pattern of enduring thoughts, feelings,
and actions that characterise a person” - Uniqueness (or individual differences)
- Enduring (consistency)
- Across time
- Across situations
- Allows prediction
Freuds Model:
Conscious
PreConscious
UnConscious
The id:
Unconscious: p________, immediate g___________
The superego:
Conscious, preconscious, unconscious: m______, r______, expectations
The ego:
Conscious and preconscious: m________ between id, superego, reality
Freuds Model:
Conscious
PreConscious
UnConscious
The id:
Unconscious: pleasure, immediate gratification
The superego:
Conscious, preconscious, unconscious: morals, rules, expectations
The ego:
Conscious and preconscious: mediator between id, superego, reality
Defence Mechanisms
- Repression: Unconsciously pushing threatening memories, u___ or i____ from conscious awareness
- Rationalisation: Attempting to make actions or mistakes seem r_________
- Projection: Unconsciously attributing one’s own unacceptable th_______ or i_________ to another person
- Reaction formation: Defending against unacceptable impulses by acting o_________ to them
- Sublimation: converting unacceptable impulses into s_______ a__________ actions and perhaps expressing them symbolically
- Displacement: Deflecting an impulse from its original t_______ to a less th___________ one
- Denial: Discounting the e__________ of threatening impulses
- Compensation: Striving to m___ u__ for unconscious impulses or fears
- Repression: Unconsciously pushing threatening memories, urges or ideas from conscious awareness
- Rationalisation: Attempting to make actions or mistakes seem reasonable
- Projection: Unconsciously attributing one’s own unacceptable thoughts or impulses to
another person - Reaction formation: Defending against unacceptable impulses by acting opposite to them
- Sublimation: converting unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable actions and perhaps expressing them symbolically
- Displacement: Deflecting an impulse from its original target to a less threatening one
- Denial: Discounting the existence of threatening impulses
- Compensation: Striving to make up for unconscious impulses or fears
Freud’s Theories:
Contributed to:
Unconscious p___________
Importance of ch_________ shaping adults and p____________
Defence m_______
Limitations:
Not based on sc________ observation
Not t_______
G_______ and c__________ biased
C__________________ evidence
Freud’s Theories:
Contributed to:
Unconscious processes
Importance of childhood shaping adults and personality
Defence mechanisms
Limitations:
Not based on scientific observation
Not testable
Gender and culturally biased
Contradictory evidence
Typologies
Phrenology: shape of head
Hippocrates typologies: body fluids
Sheldon’s somatotypes: body shape
Zodiac Signs: birthdate
Problems with typologies:
- Assumptions:
That we fit into discrete c____________
All people within a category are basically a_____
Personalities of people in one category are qualitatively d_________ from the personalities of people in other categories - Attempt to explain behaviour with too f___ and s________ variables
Typologies
Phrenology: shape of head
Hippocrates Typologies: body fluids
Sheldon’s somatotypes: body shape
Zodiac Signs: birthdate
Problems with typologies:
- Assumptions:
That we fit into discrete categories
All people within a category are basically alike
Personalities of people in one category are qualitatively different from the personalities of people in other categories - Attempt to explain behaviour with too few and simple variables
Trait Approach
Identifying and describing the c__________ of characteristics that accounts for the c____________ within us, and the d___________ between us
- Traits: The inclinations or tendencies that direct how a person usually th_____ and b________
- Assumptions:
Personality traits are relatively s_____ over t____
Personality traits are relatively s_____ across s___________
Can p________ behaviour
Everyone’s trait profile is d_________
Measured by s__-reported or peer-reported survey of traits
Trait Approach
Identifying and describing the combination of characteristics that accounts for the consistencies within us, and the differences between us
- Traits: The inclinations or tendencies that direct how a person usually thinks and behaves
- Assumptions:
Personality traits are relatively stable over time
Personality traits are relatively stable across situations
Can predict behaviour
Everyone’s trait profile is different
Measured by self-reported or peer-reported survey of traits
The “Big 5” Factor Model of Personality:
OCEAN
Openness
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
The Social-Cognitive Approach
Key premise:
C___________ in behaviour due to learned expectancies- we behave in s_______ ways due to expectations of the ou_______ of those behaviours in
s_________ situations.
The social-cognitive approach:
Key premise:
Consistency in behaviour due to learned expectancies- we behave in similar ways due to expectations of the outcomes of those behaviours in
specific situations.
Bandura’s Reciprocal Determinism
We shape and are shaped by our:
B________
E____________
P___________ Factors
Bandura’s Reciprocal Determinism
We shape and are shaped by our:
Behaviour
Environment
Personal Factors
Rotter’s Expectancy Theory
Behaviours are guided by our l______ e_____________
Behaviour Potential = expectancy x reinforcement value
eg. we behave in ways we e______ will produce f____________ outcomes
Expectancies are influenced by: locus of control
* E________: Describes people who believe that f___, l___, or outside forces are responsible for what happens to them
* I_________: Describes people who believe that a_____, e_____, or their own actions determine what happens to them
Measured by objective personality test (I do, I believe…) and situational t____ with behavioural o_____________
Rotter’s Expectancy Theory
Behaviours are guided by our learned expectations
Behaviour Potential = expectancy x reinforcement value
eg. we behave in ways we expect will produce favourable outcomes
Expectancies are influenced by:
locus of control
* External: Describes people who believe that fate, luck, or outside forces are responsible for what happens to them
* Internal: Describes people who believe that ability, effort, or their own actions determine what happens to them
Measured by objective personality test and situational tests with behavioural observations
Humanistic Approaches:
Carl Roger’s
Conditions of W______
Being loved for:
being who you are
vs.
other factors (j__, m_____, i_______, a____________ etc.)
Looks at the impact of c__________ compared with u___________ love and acceptance on self-a______________.
Humanistic Approaches:
Carl Roger’s
Conditions of Worth
Being loved for:
being who you are
vs.
other factors (job, money, interests, appearance etc.)
Looks at the impact of conditional compared with unconditional love and acceptance on self-actualisation.
Humanistic Approaches:
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Need
Behaviour is motivated by a tendency toward g_______ through:
B_____ Needs
Psychological Needs
Self-F__________ Needs
Humanistic Approaches:
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Need
Behaviour is motivated by a tendency toward growth through:
Basic Needs
Psychological Needs
Self-Fulfilment Needs
