Week 8: Learning and Memory Flashcards
(28 cards)
Classical Conditioning (Pavlov):
Classical conditioning is the phenomenon whereby an initially n_____ stimulus comes to elicit a new r_________ because it has been paired with a stimulus that n_______ elicits a
r__________.
Classical conditioning is the phenomenon whereby an initially neutral stimulus comes to elicit a new response because it has been paired with a stimulus that naturally elicits a
response.
Classical Conditioning Terminology:
- Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
The stimulus that n________ elicits the response b______ conditioning occurs - Unconditioned response (UCR)
The i_____ response that is elicited by the UCS (conditioning is not n_________ for this response to occur) - Conditioned stimulus (CS)
An initially n_______ stimulus that begins to elicit a n___ response after it is paired with the UCS - Conditioned response (CR)
The response that is elicited by the CS a_______ classical conditioning has occurred
- Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
The stimulus that naturally elicits the response before conditioning occurs - Unconditioned response (UCR)
The innate response that is elicited by the UCS (conditioning is not necessary for this response to occur) - Conditioned stimulus (CS)
An initially neutral stimulus that begins to elicit a new response after it is paired with the UCS - Conditioned response (CR)
The response that is elicited by the CS after classical conditioning has occurred
Classical Conditioning: Process
Acquisition:
Is the g______ l_______ of a conditioned response that occurs when the CS and UCS are paired together
Classical Conditioning: Process
Acquisition:
Is the gradual learning of a conditioned response that occurs when the CS and UCS are paired together
Classical Conditioning: Process
Extinction:
Is the g_______ w________ of the conditioned response when the CS is no longer presented with the UCS (eventually with enough e_________ trials, the CS will n___ elicit a
c___________ r_________ anymore)
Classical Conditioning: Process
Extinction:
Is the gradual weakening of the conditioned response when the CS is no longer presented with the UCS (eventually with enough extinction trials, the CS will not elicit a
conditioned response anymore)
Classical Conditioning: Process
Spontaneous recovery:
Is the re-e__________ of the conditioned response after s__________ e_________ when the CS is encountered after a delay
(extinction does not e___ the original acquisition learning, it creates a new learning which s_________ the acquisition learning)
Classical Conditioning: Process
Spontaneous recovery:
Is the re-emergence of the conditioned response after successful extinction when the CS is encountered after a delay
(extinction does not erase the original
acquisition learning, it creates a new learning which suppresses the acquisition learning)
Classical Conditioning: Process
Generalisation:
When the conditioned response is not s________ to the CS that was used during conditioning (it can also be e________ by s_______ that are similar to the CS)
Classical Conditioning: Process
Generalisation:
When the conditioned response is not specific to the CS that was used during conditioning (it can also be elicited by stimuli that are similar to the CS)
Classical Conditioning: Process
Discrimination
“The tendency for a r_______ to be e_______ more by one stimulus
than another”
Classical Conditioning: Process
Discrimination
“The tendency for a response to be elicited more by one stimulus
than another”
Classical Conditioning Factors:
- T_____: Classical conditioning works best when the CS is presented b_____ the UCS and when the CS and the UCS are close together in time
- P________: The CS must provide the organism with information on whether the UCS is l_____ to occur
- N_______: Conditioning works best when the CS is n_____
- S________: Conditioning works best when the CS is noticeable but not o_________
Classical Conditioning Factors:
- Timing: Classical conditioning works best when the CS is presented before the UCS and when the CS and the UCS are close together in time
- Predictability: The CS must provide the organism with information on whether the UCS is likely to occur
- Novelty: Conditioning works best when the CS is novel
- Salience: Conditioning works best when the CS is noticeable but not overpowering
Many of our e_________ responses are classically conditioned,
including:
* F_____
* D_______
* A_______
* L_____ and d_______
Many of our emotional responses are classically conditioned,
including:
* Fear
* Disgust
* Arousal
* Likes and dislikes
Operant conditioning:
- The learning of a new association between a b__________ and its c_____________
- The behaviour (i.e., the response) is
v__________ - The future p___________ of a behaviour is affected by its c___________
- Also known as i_________ conditioning
Operant conditioning:
- The learning of a new association between a behaviour and its consequences
- The behaviour (i.e., the response) is
voluntary - The future probability of a behaviour is affected by its consequences
- Also known as instrumental conditioning
Skinner: Operant Conditioning
- R______________:
Increases behaviour - P_____________:
Decreases behaviour
Both r_______ and p_________ can be p_______ (something is added) or n_______ (something is removed).
Skinner: Operant Conditioning
- Reinforcement:
Increases behaviour - Punishment:
Decreases behaviour
Both reinforcement and punishment can be positive (something is added) or negative (something is removed).
Operant Conditioning:
Acquisition:
Is the gradual s____________ of the f___________ of an operant behaviour when it is followed by the c___________
Extinction:
Is the gradual w_________ of the f____________ of the operant response when it is no longer followed by the
c_____________
Spontaneous recovery:
Is the re-e___________ of a previously
extinguished r_________ after a
d________
Operant Conditioning:
Acquisition:
Is the gradual strengthening of the frequency of an operant behaviour when it is followed by the consequence
Extinction:
Is the gradual weakening of the frequency of the operant response when it is no longer followed by the
consequence
Spontaneous recovery:
Is the re-emergence of a previously
extinguished response after a
delay
Operant Conditioning
- P___________ reinforcers
Things we find n________ or i________ reinforcing (without training)
For example: Food, water, or sex - S_________________ reinforcers
Things that have become reinforcing because they have been a__________ with a p________ r_________ (through training)
For example: Money or good grades
- Primary reinforcers
Things we find naturally or innately reinforcing (without training)
For example: Food, water, or sex - Secondary reinforcers
Things that have become reinforcing because they have been associated with a primary reinforcer (through training)
For example: Money or good grades
Operant Conditioning:
- G_____________________
Perform the s____ behaviour in new s__________ situations
(For example: talking respectfully to your new boss) - D___________________
Occurs when we perform a behaviour in s______ circumstances and n____ o_______
(For example: answering the phone)
Operant Conditioning:
- Generalisation
Perform the same behaviour in new similar situations
(For example: talking respectfully to your new boss) - Discrimination
Occurs when we perform a behaviour in some circumstances and not others
(For example: answering the phone)
Operant Conditioning Factors
- Timing
Consequence should follow the behaviour i_____________
If there is a d_____ another behaviour can be a___________ punished/reinforced - M__________ of the reinforcer/punisher
In general, b_____ rewards/punishers have more p_________ impacts on behaviour
Operant Conditioning Factors
- Timing
Consequence should follow the behaviour immediately
If there is a delay another behaviour can be accidentally punished/reinforced - Magnitude of the reinforcer/punisher
In general, bigger rewards/punishers have more powerful impacts on behaviour
Operant Conditioning:
Reinforcement Schedules:
Continuous reinforcement:
B___________ is r________ every time it o______
Partial reinforcement:
Only s_____ responses are r_________
Reinforcement Schedules:
Continuous reinforcement:
Behaviour is reinforced every time it occurs
Partial reinforcement:
Only some responses are reinforced
Operant Conditioning:
Ratio schedule: R______________ depends on the n_________ of
responses made
F________ r_____ schedule: Reinforcement occurs after a f_____
number of responses that is always the s____ (eg. every 9th response)
V________ r_____ schedule: Reinforcement occurs after a v______ number of responses that centres around an a______ (eg. 9th, 8th, 10th, 9th…)
Operant Conditioning:
Ratio schedule: Reinforcement depends on the number of
responses made
Fixed ratio schedule: Reinforcement occurs after a fixed
number of responses that is always the same (i.e., every nth response)
Variable ratio schedule: Reinforcement occurs after a variable number of responses that centres around an average (eg. 9th, 8th, 10th, 9th…)
Operant Conditioning:
Interval schedules: Reinforcement is given for the f______ r________
made after an interval of time has passed
F_____ i______ schedule: Reinforcement occurs for the f____
r_________ made after a f_____ time period has passed
V______ i_______ schedule: Reinforcement occurs after the f____ r_______ made after a v_______ time period has passed that centres around an a_______.
Operant Conditioning:
Interval schedules: Reinforcement is given for the first response
made after an interval of time has passed
Fixed interval schedule: Reinforcement occurs for the first
response made after a fixed time period has passed
Variable interval schedule: Reinforcement occurs after the first response made after a variable time period has passed that centres around an average.
Observational learning:
Learning by observing the behaviour of others (models)
Also called s______ or v__________ learning
Imitation of a model’s behaviour depends on:
P________ of the model
L__________ and a______________ of the model
Whether the model was r_________ or p____________ for their behaviour (vicarious conditioning)
Observational learning:
Learning by observing the behaviour of others (models)
Also called social or vicarious learning
Imitation of a model’s behaviour depends on:
Prestige of the model
Likability and attractiveness of the model
Whether the model was rewarded or punished for their behaviour (vicarious conditioning)
Three Stage Memory Process:
E_______
S_______
R__________
Three Stage Memory Process:
Encoding
Storage
Retrieval
Memory:
- E_________ encoding
Requires a________ and conscious e_______ - A________ encoding
U____________ encoding of incidental
information
- Effortful encoding
Requires attention and conscious effort - Automatic encoding
Unconscious encoding of incidental
information
- Shallow processing
Processing only s___________ characteristics of a piece of information
A_________ encoding: Encoding of sound
V_____ encoding: Encoding of picture
images - Deep processing
S_________ encoding
Encoding of m____________
Elaboration- focus on meaning of information to encode it into
l____-t_____ memory
- Shallow processing
Processing only superficial characteristics of a piece of information
Acoustic encoding: Encoding of sound
Visual encoding: Encoding of picture
images - Deep processing
Semantic encoding
Encoding of meaning
Elaboration- focus on meaning of information to encode it into
long-term memory
Encoding:
Stages of Processing (Memory)
S_________ memory: Perception (1sec)
W_________ memory: Awareness (20sec)
L____ T_____ memory: Remember
(Indefinite)
Stages of Processing (Memory)
Sensory memory
Working memory
Long Term memory
Memory Storage:
Declarative: (conscious recall)
F______/Kn_________
P__________ Events
Non-declarative: (no conscious recall)
M_____ and c_________ skills
C_________ conditioning effects
Memory Storage:
Declarative: (conscious recall)
Facts/Knowledge
Personal Events
Non-declarative: (no conscious recall)
Motor and cognitive skills
Classical conditioning effects
