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Flashcards in Week 10: Stress Deck (19)
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1
Q

Define Stress

A

the overall process involving
stressors, strain and coping

stressor: causes of stress

strain: consequences of stress

2
Q

What are the three major reasons for addressing occupational stress?

A

1. financial

2. health and performance

  • *3. social**
  • individual behaviours: workplace violence, harassment, divorce, …*
3
Q

What are the three theoretical models of stress?

A
  1. Stress as a response (Selye)
  2. Stress as a stimulus
  3. Stress as a transactional process
4
Q

What are the stages of stress as a response

A

Three stages in the stress response (Selye, 1975):
GAS - General Adaption Syndrom

1. alarm: body’s initial response to a stressor

2. adaptation: body’s ability to resist or adapt to the ongoing stressor

3. exhaustion: body’s inability to adapt to an ongoing stressor; exposure to chronic, continual stress can lead to severe exhaustion and death

5
Q

What are some of the common stressors in the workplace?

A
  1. excessive workload (76%)
  2. cuts in staffing (57%)
  3. rapid changes (53%)
  4. long working hours (34%)
  5. bullying (33%)
6
Q

Explain the transactional stress theory of Lazarus

A

-> Stress as a process

1. Perception of the stressor (rather than just precense)

  • *2. Cognitive appraical**
  • > primary appraisal: impact of stressor, how improtant
  • > secondary appraisal: resourcess
  • > third evaluation: re-appraisal if stressor remains serious

3. Coping

7
Q

Name the four common occupational stress theories, we had in the lectures

A
  • *1. person-environment fit (P-E fit)**
  • French, Caplan, Harrison, 1982*
  • *2. Cooper and Marhall’s work stress model**
  • Cooper and Marshall, 1976*
  • *3. Warr’s vitamin model**
  • Warr, 1987*
  • *4. Job demands-control model**
  • Karasek, 1979*
8
Q

Elaborate:

person-environment fit (P-E fit) model of stress
French, Caplan, Harrison, 1982

A

– U shaped curve
– strain occurs due to an imbalance between a person’s abilities & the demands
– each person has an optimal level of environmental demands where minimal strain occurs
– too little/ too much demand results in strain

– some stress is desirable
eustress: motivating, challenge-related stress
 when work resources match the challenging demands
 this type of stress can lead to feelings of fulfillment &achievemen
t

9
Q

Elaborate on:

Cooper and Marhall’s work stress model

A
10
Q

Elaborate:

Warr’s vitamin model

A

10 key job characteristics that impact strain & well-being:
(curvilinear relationship):

o opportunity for personal control
o opportunity for skill use
o externally generated goals
o variety
o environment clarity
o availability of money
o physical security
o supportive supervision
o opportunity for interpersonal contact
o valued social position

11
Q

Elaborate:

Stress as Job demands-control model

A

perceived levels of job demands + job control -> stress

– high demands + low control -> high-strain jobs

– jobs with low demands and low control
result in boredom: passive jobs

12
Q

What are the three organisational consequences of stress?

A

1. Job Performance
– moderate levels of stress + resources can
increase performance (eustress)
– high stress levels + low resources -> decreased
performance

2. Abstenteeism
– Short vs. long-term absenteeism
– underestimated relationship btw.
occupational stress + absenteeism:
admission of stress as cause for absence

3. Job Attitudes
* – stress often results in changes to job attitudes (e.g. low motivation and job satisfaction, negative attitudes towards
colleagues and clients, turnover intentions)*
chronic occupational stress can lead to decreased levels of job satisfaction, which in turn can lead to strain, decreased job performance and increased turnover intentions

13
Q

To which individual consequences can stress lead?

A

1. Psychological Consequences
anxiety & depression
low self-efficacy

2. Psychological Burnout

3. Physical Consequences

4. Behavioural Consequences

14
Q

Psychological burnout:
which are the three psychological consequences identified by Maslach et al.

A
  • emotional exhaustion
  • cynicism
  • inefficacy
15
Q

Name Behavioural Consequences of Stress

A

• irritability, impatience, hostility
+ aggression (towards coworkers and clients)

  • withdrawal behaviours (e.g. absenteeism, lateness)
  • substance abuse, craving junk food
16
Q

Define Coping

A

• Coping is a response to a specific
stressor consisting of a behaviour (e.g.
exercising) or a cognition (e.g.
appraising the impact of the stressor)

• It reflects how individuals respond to or
deal with stressful events

17
Q

Name four types of coping

A
  1. problem-solving
  2. emotion-focused coping = avoidance
  3. trait based coping
  4. state based coping
18
Q

Name the tripartite model of SMI

A

SMI = Stress Management Intervention

1. stressor reduction
primary intervention
involve job analysis, work redesign, reorganisation…

2. Stress management training
secondary intervention
targets individual response, worker-orientated

3. employee assistance programs
tetertiary intervention
eg councelling

19
Q
A