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Human Physiology > Week 11 > Flashcards

Week 11 Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the kidneys excrete?

A

Metabolic waste products and foreign chemicals

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2
Q

What do the kidneys regulate?

A

Water and electrolyte balance

Body fluid osmolarity

Acid base balance

RBC production

BP

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3
Q

What kind of gland does the kidney act as?

A

Endocrine gland

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4
Q

What percent of cardiac output do kidneys receive?

A

25%

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5
Q

What are the 2 main regions of the kidney?

A

Cortex and medulla

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6
Q

What is the cortex of the kidney?

A

Outer region (just under the capsule)

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7
Q

What is the medulla of the kidney?

A

Central region (divided into outer and inner medulla)

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8
Q

How many nephrons does each kidney contain?

A

.8-1.2 million

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9
Q

When does the number of nephrons start to decline?

A

At age 40 by 10% every 10 years

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10
Q

What are 20-30% of nephrons that have glomeruli deep in the renal cortex called?

A

Juxtamedullary nephrons

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11
Q

What are the 70-80% of nephrons that have glomeruli located in the outer cortex called?

A

Cortical nephrons

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12
Q

What do principle cells play an important role in?

A

Reabsorption of NaCl and secretion of K+

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13
Q

What do intercalated cells play an important role in?

A

Regulating acid base balance

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14
Q

What processes are the sum of urine formation?

A

Glomerular filtration

Reabsorption

Secretion

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15
Q

What does the urinary excretion rate equal?

A

Filtration - Reabsorption + secretion

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16
Q

What 3 main layers make up the filtration barrier?

A

Endothelium

Basement membrane

Podocytes (epithelial cells)

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17
Q

What is the endothelium permeable to?

A

Water or small solutes (not to RBC, WBC, or platelets)

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18
Q

What is the basement membrane made out of?

A

Porous matrix of negatively charged proteins

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19
Q

What does the basement membrane serve as?

A

Charge selective barrier to plasma proteins

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20
Q

What do Podocytes form?

A

Filtration slits

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21
Q

What do Podocytes function as?

A

Size selective filter

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22
Q

What does the mesangium consist of?

A

Mesangial cells and mesangial matrix

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23
Q

What do mesangial cells have properties of?

A

Smooth muscle cells

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24
Q

What do mesangial cells provide?

A

Structural support to glomerular capillaries

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25
What do mesangial cells secrete?
Extracellular matrix Prostaglandins Pro inflammatory cytokines
26
What do mesangial cells have?
Phagocytic activity
27
What are mesangial cells located outside the glomerulus between afferent and efferent arterioles called?
Extraglomerular mesangial cells
28
What are mesangial cells involved in?
Immune complex mediated glomerular disease
29
What is the concept of renal clearance based on?
Fick principle
30
What does the principle of renal clearance emphasize?
Excretory function of the kidneys
31
What does the renal clearance consider?
Only the rate at which a substance is excreted into urine
32
What is the urinary excretion rate of substance proportional to?
Plasma concentration of substance
33
What is the clearance rate?
Volume of plasma completely cleared of a substance by the kidneys per unit time
34
What can renal clearance vary from?
0-600 ml/min
35
Inulin
Fructose polymer Freely filtered Neither reabsorbed or secreted C inulin= GFR Inulin is a glomerular marker
36
What’s the first step in urine formation?
Glomerular filtration
37
How does blood come in to the glomerular?
Afferent arteriole
38
How does blood come out of the glomerular?
Efferent arteriole
39
Most filtrate in the glomerular is reabsorbed so how much is excreted a day?
1 L
40
What is the sum of the filtration rates of all functioning nephrons?
GFR
41
What does filtration fraction equal?
GFR/RPF
42
How many times is plasma volume filtered per day?
60 times
43
How much is filtered in GFR?
125 ml/min or 180 liters/day
44
How is GFR measured?
Clearance of a glomerular marker
45
What is the gold standard glomerular marker?
Inulin
46
What can a glomerular marker not do when it’s infused?
Alter the GFR
47
What can the glomerular marker freely filter across?
Glomerular capillaries
48
What can the glomerular marker not be reabsorbed or secreted by?
Renal tubule
49
What is creatinine a byproduct of?
Normal skeletal muscle metabolism
50
Where is creatinine freely filtered across?
Glomerulus into bowman’s space
51
What is creatinine secreted by?
Renal tubules
52
What are the two main factors in determinants of GFR?
Filtration coefficient Net filtration pressure
53
What is the pressure of the glomerular capillary determined by?
Arterial pressure Afferent arteriolar resistance Efferent arteriolar resistance
54
What is usually the result of changes to Kf?
Reduction in GFR
55
What does RBF equal?
Change in pressure/ Resistance
56
What do myogenic mechanisms respond to?
Changes in arterial pressure
57
What do tubuloglomerular feedback respond to?
Changes in NaCl in tubular fluid
58
What happens when renal artery BP increases?
Both RBF and GFR increase
59
What results in an increase delivery of water and solute to the macula densa?
Increase GFR
60
What type of feedback is the macula densa?
Negative feedback
61
What does autoregulation of RBF and GFR allow for?
Uncoupling renal function from blood pressure
62
When is autoregulation absent?
When BP is less than 90 mmHg
63
When do neurohormonal mechanisms play a key role in regulating RBF bad GFR?
When ECF volume changes
64
What are neurohormonal mechanisms?
SNS activity Circulating catecholamines Angiotensin 2 ANP Prostaglandins Nitric oxide Endothelin
65
Between afferent and efferent arterioles who has more a1 receptors?
Afferent
66
What are more sensitive to angiotensin 2?
Efferent arterioles
67
What does ANP cause?
Dilation of afferent and constriction of efferent
68
When is ANP released?
When ECFV increases
69
What do prostaglandins cause?
Vasodilation of efferent and afferent
70
What is nitric oxide?
Vasodilator
71
What is endothelin?
Vasoconstrictor
72
Endothelin is released by endothelial cells in response to what?
Ang 2 Bradykinin Epi
73
What does SNS activity do the GFR and RBF?
Decreases
74
What does angiotensin 2 do the GFR and RBF?
Low levels increase GFR and decrease RBF High levels decrease both
75
What does ANP do the GFR and RBF?
Increases
76
What does nitric oxide do the GFR and RBF?
Increases
77
What does endothelin do the GFR and RBF?
Decreases
78
What does fever do the GFR?
Increases
79
What do glucorticoids do to GFR?
Increass
80
What does aging do the GFR?
Decreases by 10%
81
What does hyperglycemia do to GFR?
Increases
82
What does high protein do to GFR?
Increases
83
What is the amount of substance filtered into bowman’s space per unit time?
Filtered load
84
What is the fluid inside the lumen of the nephron?
Tubular fluid
85
Where are water and many solutes reabsorbed from the tubular fluid into?
Particular capillary

Human Physiology (41 decks)

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