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Human Physiology > Week 8 > Flashcards

Week 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

The endocrine system is a collection of what?

A

Glands

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2
Q

What does the endocrine system help differentiate?

A

Reproductive system and CNS in fetus

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3
Q

What does the endocrine system stimulate?

A

Growth and development

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4
Q

What does the endocrine system coordinate?

A

Male and female reproductive systems

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5
Q

What does the endocrine system provide maintenance to?

A

Internal environment

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6
Q

What does the endocrine system have adaptations to?

A

Emergency demands of the body

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7
Q

What is regulated in endocrine signaling?

A

Secretion of an extracellular signaling molecule (hormone) into ECF

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8
Q

What is there diffusion of in endocrine signaling?

A

Hormone into the circulation

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9
Q

What does the hormone diffuse out of in endocrine signaling?

A

Vasculature to the ECF and binding to a specific receptor on the target organ

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10
Q

What does one hormone regulate?

A

Activity of several target organs

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11
Q

What are the receptors for on target organs?

A

Multiple hormones

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12
Q

What are general characteristics of hormones?

A

Specific rates and rhythms of secretion

Operate within feedback systems

Affect only target cells with appropriate receptors

Are excreted by kidneys or deactivated by liver

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13
Q

Hormones are released in response to what?

A

Alteration in the cellular environment

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14
Q

Why are hormones released?

A

To maintain a regulated level of certain substances

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15
Q

What are hormones regulated by?

A

Chemical, hormonal, or neural factors

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16
Q

What can sensitivity of target tissue be regulated by?

A

Change in the number of affinity of receptors (up regulation or down regulation)

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17
Q

Somatotropes

A

Growth hormone

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18
Q

Corticotropes

A

Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)

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19
Q

Thyrotropes

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

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20
Q

Gonadotropes

A

Luteinizing hormone and Follicle stimulating hormone

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21
Q

Lactotropes

A

Prolactin (PRL)

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22
Q

Posterior pituitary hormone is synthesized with their binding proteins where?

A

In the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus

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23
Q

What is secreted by the posterior pituitary hormone?

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Oxytocin

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24
Q

What does the antidiuretic hormone control?

A

Plasma osmolarity

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25
Where is the antidiuretic hormone formed?
Supraoptic nuclei
26
What does oxytocin control?
Uterine contractions and milk ejection in lactating women
27
Where is oxytocin formed?
PVN
28
What is pituitary secretion controlled by?
Hormonal and neural signals from the hypothalamus
29
What is the posterior pituitary controlled by?
Nerve signals originating from the hypothalamus
30
What is the anterior pituitary controlled by?
Hypothalamic release and hypothalamic inhibitory hormones
31
How do the hypothalamic hormones reach the anterior pituitary?
Through the hypothalamic-hypophysial portal vessels
32
What are endocrine diseases classified into?
Primary - damage to gland Secondary - damage to pituitary Tertiary - damage to hypothalamus
33
What is produced in response to GH?
IGF-1
34
What does IGF-1 stimulate?
Chondrocytes
35
What is the structure of IGF-1 similar to?
Insulin
36
What does IGF-1 inhibit?
GH secretion
37
What does GH play a dual role in?
Metabolism
38
During the fed state GH promotes what?
Growth and protein anabolism
39
During the fasted state GH switches what?
Fuel consumption to lipids and sparing glucose
40
What are factors that stimulate GH release?
Glucose decrease Free fatty acid decrease Amino acid increase Fasting Stress Exercise Puberty Androgens and estrogens Sleep
41
What are factors that inhibit GH secretion?
Somatostatin Glucose increase Free fatty acid increase Somatomedins GH Senescence Obesity
42
Where are the lobes of the thyroid gland?
2 on either side of trachea
43
What do the follicle cells surround?
Colloid
44
What do Parafollicular cells (C cells) secrete?
Calcitonin
45
What does the thyroid hormone secrete for regulation?
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone
46
What is the thyroid hormone secreted in response to?
Thyroid stimulating hormone
47
What percentage of thyroid hormone is T4?
90%
48
What percentage of thyroid hormone is T3?
10%
49
What does thyroid hormone affect?
Growth and maturation of tissues, cell metabolism, heat production, and oxygen consumption
50
Where is the adrenal glands located?
Close to the upper pole of each kidney
51
What are the two glands of the adrenal gland?
Adrenal medulla Adrenal cortex
52
What percentage of adrenal glands total weight is the adrenal medulla?
20%
53
What is the adrenal medulla innervated by?
SNS
54
What percentage of weight of the adrenal gland is the adrenal cortex?
80%
55
What is the overall goal of the sympathorenal repose to exercise?
To meet the increased energy demand for both skeletal and cardiac muscles
56
What are phenochromocytoma?
Catecholamine secreting tumors
57
Where do phenochromocytoma arise from?
Chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla
58
What are phenochromocytoma the most common cause for?
Hyperfunctioning adrenal medulla
59
What are symptoms of excessive catecholamine release?
Sporadic rather than continuous
60
What does the zona fasciculata produce?
Cortisol
61
Why do cells in the zona fasciculata have a foamy cytoplasm?
They are filled with lipid droplets that store cholesterol esters
62
What is cortisol transported by?
Blood
63
How can cortisol be reversible inactivated?
By conversion to cortisone
64
What does cortisol maintain?
Blood glucose levels and CNS functions during fasting
65
When does cortisol increase blood glucose levels?
During stress at the expense of muscle protein
66
What does cortisol protect the body against?
Inflammation
67
What does cortisol inhibit?
Reproductive function (to conserve energy)
68
How does cortisol potentiate the effects of catecholamines?
Increasing adrenergic receptor expression
69
How does cortisol increase RBC production?
Stimulating EPO synthesis
70
What can stimulate CRH and ACTH release?
Neurogenic or systemic stress
71
When does the zona reticularis appear?
5 yo
72
How long do androgen levels continue to rise and peak?
Until mid 20s and then decline with age
73
What can DHEA be converted into?
Active androgens in both sexes
74
In what gender do adrenal androgens contribute me more?
Females
75
What is congenital adrenal hyperplasia?
When cortisol synthesis is blocked and so ACTH and adrenal androgens increase
76
What is the main product of zona glomerulosa?
Aldosterone
77
What does the zona glomerulosa increase?
Renal reabsorption of Na+ and excretion of K+
78
What does excess aldosterone cause?
Hypokalemia and muscle weakness
79
What does aldosterone deficiency cause?
Hyperkalemia
80
What affect does aldosterone have in the cardiovascular system?
Negative affect
81
What increases aldosterone?
Increased ECF of K+ Increased angiotensin 2
82
What decreases aldosterone?
Increased ECF of Na+
83
What is both of endocrine and exocrine gland?
Pancreas
84
What does the pancreas house?
Islets of langerhans
85
What does the pancreas secrete?
Glucagon and insulin
86
What are cells in the pancreas?
Alpha- glucagon Beta- insulin Delta F cells
87
When is insulin released in the body?
When glucose is too high
88
When is glucagon released in the body?
When glucose is too low
89
When do serum insulin levels rise?
Within 10 min after eating and a peak of 30-45 min
90
Early phase of insulin release
Insulin secretion rising rapidly within 10 min
91
Late phase of insulin release
Slowly rises over a period of an hour
92
What is lost in patients with diabetes?
Distinction between early and late phases of insulin release
93
What does oral glucose stimulate the secretion of?
Glucose dependent insulinotropic peptide Glucagon peptide 1 (both called incretins)
94
What does insulin promote in the muscles?
Glucose uptake Glycogen synthesis Glycolysis Protein synthesis

Human Physiology (41 decks)

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