Week 11 Flashcards
(36 cards)
What is coping?
Cognitive and behavioural efforts that a person engages in to manage specific external and/or internal demands that are appraised as taxing or exceeding the resources of the person
What are the 4 general types of coping?
- Problem-Focused coping: change situation (stressor or challenge); need to have some lvl of control; active
- Emotion-Focused coping: changing how you’re relating to that situation; distraction
- Support-Seeking coping
- Meaning-Making coping
What is meaning-making coping?
- Use of values, beliefs and goals to shape meaning in stressful situations that are not conducive to problem-focused coping
- Making sense of life events
- Reestablishing congruency b/w situational meaning ( the event that happens) and global meaning (how the world works)
- Assimilation: adding new information to an already existing schema (meaning confirimation); + -> + = +
- Accomodation: changing the larger organizing schema to fit the smaller one (meaning revision); + -> - = revision
- Cognitive products = Meanings made
What are examples of assimilation?
- Self-blame
- Reinforcing negative beliefs
- Undoing the event: “what ifs”
What are examples of accomodation?
- Revising beliefs
- Developing a sense of resilience
What are the types of meaning making strategies ?
- Family bonds
- spirituality
- valuing life and personal growth
- impermanence: everything is always changing
- lifestyle changes
- compassion
What is religion-based coping?
- use of religious methods to reduce stress
- Tied into meaning-making and positive reappraisal (e.g., emotion-approach coping)
- Caution: negative outcomes occur if use negative, toxic forms of relgiosity such as “God punishing” beliefs
What did Harrington (2013) find?
Turning to religion
- Religion significantly predicts subjective well-being
- meaning-making coping mediates/explains this relationship
What are the 2 dimensions of coping strategies?
- Problem-focused vs Emotion-focused: Managing the stressor vs manging your perceptions (thoughts, emotions…) of the stressor
- Avoidance vs. Approach: Engagement with vs disengagement from the stressor
What is the goodness of fit hypothesis?
Coping is most effective when there is a “good fit” b/w the coping strategy and the amount of control you can exert over the stressor
* Flexibility is key! (remember neurotic cascade)
What did Widows et al., (2005) find?
Bone Marrow study
- Participants: 72 cancer patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation completed questionnairs 6 months post surgery
- Measures: survey including pre-surgery coping strategies and post-traumatic growth
- Results: Positive reappraisal and problem solving and seeking alternative rewards were significant (lower lvls of growth)
What did Goodwill find?
- Participants: 413 participants aross 23 colleges/universities in the US
- Measures: Patient Health Questionnaire-8, Brief COPE, suicide ideation in past 12 months
- Result: Self-blame/behavioural disengagement and religious coping (avoidant based strategies) lowered the risk of depression-suicide ideation link
What is cognitive restructuring ?
A technique used (in CBT) that refers to the process of challenging dysfunctional automatic thoughts and replacing them with healthier realistic thinking patterns
What is cognitive primacy?
the idea that cognitions influence how we respond to stress
What is involved in Ellis’ Rational-emotive Behavioural Therapy?
active disruption of irrational beliefs
* Activating event
* Beliefs (Irrational)
* Consequences -> depression, sadness, etc
* A is interpreted by B which activates C
* “D” dispute irrational beliefs
* “E” Effective new approach/Exchange
What does the humanist approach focus on ?
The humanist approach focuses on our ability to create our own positive and negative emotions
What are the 3 major musts ?
- I must do well, or I’m no good
- Others must treat me well; if they don’t, they are no good and deserve to be condemned
- I must get what I want and if I don’t, I can’t stand it (life is horrible!)
What is the aim of CBT?
- Aaron Beck
- Aim is to educate people to understand and become aware of their distorted thinking and how to challenge its effects
What are the distortions proposed by Beck?
- Arbitrary inference: jumping to conclusions (mind reading); should statements
- Selective abstraction: mental filtering (focus on negative); discounting the positives (“doesn’t count”)
- Overgeneralization
- Dichotomous thinking: All-or-nothing thinking
- Magnification and minimization: blowing something out of proportion; minimizing importance
- Personalization: Blame (internalizing or externalizing inappropriately); labeling (negative labels about self or others)
What are the 3 steps in cognitive restructuring?
- STOP: stop negative self talk
- Positive self-talk (constructive)
- Relabel/reframe
What is stress inoculation training ?
A cognitive behaviour modification training program to prepare individuals for stressful future encounters or treat current excess stress
What are the 3 phases of the SIT?
- Conceptual educational phase
- Skills acquisition and skills consolidation phase
- Application and follow-through phase
Uses cognitive and behavioural skill training
* Raising self-awareness
* Cognitive restructuring
* Problem solving
* Relaxation training
* Rehearsing
What did Szabo & Marian find?
SIT study
- N= 191 junior high school students from 6 different classes
- Randomized to 10 weeks of: control, group counselling or SIT
- 3 measurement points: Baseline, post 10-weeks, 3 month follow-up
- Results: Students had a significant decline in perceived stress following completion of the program (SIT) and SIT also had the greatest decline in anxiety over time
What is learned optimism?
cultivating positive expectations when seeing connections b/w one’s efforts and outcomes
