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PSY 805 > Week 2 > Flashcards

Week 2 Flashcards

(57 cards)

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1
Q

What are the divisions of the nervous system ?

A

Peripheral
* Autonomic - Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
* Somatic - Sensory input and motor output

Central
* Brain
* Spinal cord

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2
Q

What is part of the central nervous system ?

A
  • Forebrain
  • Midbrain
  • Hindbrain
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3
Q

What are the structures of the forebrain ?

A

Telencephalon
* Cerebral cortex; Limbic system; Basal ganglia

Diencephalon
* Thalamus; Hypothalamus

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4
Q

What is involved in the cerebral cortex ?

A
  • 4 lobes: frontal; temporal; parietal; occipital
  • Prefrontal cortex (PFC): important for executive functioning and behavioural regulation
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5
Q

What is involved in the limbic system ?

A
  • Hippocampus (HC), amygdala, anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)
  • Memory (HC) and emotion/fear (amygdala)
  • Emotional control (ACC)
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6
Q

What is the basal ganglia important for ?

A
  • Important for movement control, vigilance/attention, learning (procedural)
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7
Q

What does the thalamus do ?

A
  • A regulatory gateway: relays sensorial and motor information
  • Regulates consciousness, sleep, alertness
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8
Q

What does the hypothalamus do ?

A
  • Regulation of homeostasis
  • Controls the autonomic nervous system and endocrine system
  • Fighting, feeding, fleeing, mating, drinking
  • Exert effects through the pituary gland
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9
Q

What is the structure within the hindbrain and midbrain ?

A

Brain stem

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10
Q

What does the brain stem contain ?

A
  • Pons
  • Medulla
  • Midbrain
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11
Q

What is within the parts of the brain stem ?

A
  • Locus Coeruleus (NE)
  • Substantia Nigra (Dopamine)
  • Raphe nuclei (serotonin)
  • Reticular formation
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12
Q

What is Locus coeruleus ?

A
  • located in the pons
  • Nuclei involved in physiological response to stress (produces NE)
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13
Q

What is reticular formation ?

A
  • Bundles of nuclei
  • Extends through the hindbrain and midbrain
  • Transmits information b/w CNS and PNS
  • Important for attention, arousal, movement, and vital reflexes (e.g. cardiovascular control)
  • Fight-or-Flight Response
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14
Q

What is the somatic nervous system ?

A

innervates the skeletal muscles, the skin and the sense organs

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15
Q

What are efferent pathways ?

A

Neural pathways that send signals from the brain to the periphery

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16
Q

What are afferent pathways ?

A

Neural pathways that send signals from the periphery to the brain

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17
Q

What does the FoF response activate ?

A

Activates the striated (skeletal) muscles

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18
Q

What can too much stress cause ?

A

Lead to over-activation of stirated muscles, resulting in muscle pain and tension

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19
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system ?

A

Innervates the body’s viscera (i.e., internal organs) through pre- and post-ganglionic neurons

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20
Q

What does Viscera consists of ?

A
  • Organs
  • Ducts and glands
  • Smooth muscles
  • Blood vessels
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21
Q

What is the sympathetic branch responsible for ?

A

Responsible for activating the FoF responses

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22
Q

What is the parasympathetic branch associated with ?

A

Associated with rest-and-digest responses

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23
Q

What is the endocrine system ?

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A

A system of organs and glands that secrete hormones into the blood stream to send messages to cells and organs

24
Q

What system does the endocrine system work with ?

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A

Works with the SNS during FoF activation to reach a common ground

25
What hormones are involved with the **hypothalamus** ?
* Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) * Oxytocin * Vasopressin
26
What hormones are invovled with the **pituary gland** ?
* Adrenocorticotropic hormone (**ACTH**) * Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) * Beta-endorphin
27
What hormones are involved with the **adrenal cortex** ?
Glucocoticoids (**GC**)/**cortisol**
28
What hormones are invovled with the **adrenal medulla** ?
* Epinephrine (**E**) * Nonrenpinephrine (**NE**)
29
What are the **2 stess response systems** ?
* Sympathetic-Adrenal-Medeulla (SAM) Axis * Hypothalamic-Pituary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis
30
How do the SAM and HPA **differ** ?
* SAM: Faster, within seconds and ending in minutes * HPA: Slower, within minutes and lasting hours
31
What **occurs** in the **SAM** axis ?
Hypothalamus -> Brain stem (reticular formation) -> ANS -> Adrenal Medulla -> Release adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norenpinephrine) -> Physiological events
32
What **occurs** in the **HPA** axis ?
Stressor -> Hypothalamus is alerted and secretes CRH -> Hypothalamus alerts the Pituary to secrete ACTH -> ACTH travels through the blood and alerts the adrenal cortex -> Adrenal cortex secretes and releases GC/Cortisol -> chain of physiological events
33
What is **cortisol** ?
A major stress hormone that helps your body respond to stress and helps maintain your BP, heart function, immune system and blood gluclose levels
34
What occurs in **Addison's disease** and what **causes** it ?
* Adrenal cortex does not produce enough cortisol * Caused by autoimmune disorder or damage to the adrenal glands
35
What are the **symptoms** of **Addison's** disease ?
* muscle weakness * low BP * Fatigue * Appetite and weight loss * low blood sugar * GI disruption
36
What occurs in **Cushing's disease** and what **causes** it ?
* Adrenal cortex produces too much cortisol * Caused by years of glucocorticoid tx, tumor on pituitary or adrenal gland
37
What are **symptoms** of **Cushing's** disease ?
* muscle weakness * emotion dysregulation * cognitive difficulties * high BP * infection * bone loss * bruising * truncal obesity * buffalo hump
38
What is the **function** of the **immune** system ?
Protects us from harmful pathogens such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses
39
What do **pathogens** have ?
Pathogens have **antigens** that are detected by the immune system to begin their line of defense
40
What is the **innate** immune system ?
Defense at the level of the skin and mucous membranes; bacteria that enter the skin are engulfed by **phagocytes** and destroyed by **natural killer cells**. Inflammatory response via **cytokines** may also come into play
41
What is the **adaptive** immune system ?
takes 4-5 days to defend against a novel intruder. Once the novel antigen is recognized, the immune system responds quickly in the future.
42
What are the **types** of **Lymphocytes** ?
* Natural killer cells * Helper T cells * Killer T cells/cytotoxic T cells * B cells * Memory B and T cells
43
What are **natural killer cells** ?
cytotoxic, destroys antigens as part of innate immune reaction
44
What are **Helper T cells** ?
identify antigens and stimulate multiplication of Killer T and B cells, produce cytokines to alert the system
45
What are **Killer T cells/cytotoxic T cells** ?
destroy antigens by puncturing and killing the invaded cells
46
What are **B cells** ?
produce antibodies (immunoglobins; lgs) that bind to antigens
47
What are **Memory B and T cells** ?
recognize and respond quickly to future antigens
48
What are **antibodies** ?
cell proteins of the immune system that recognizes antigens on the pathogen and fight them
49
What are **cytokines** ?
cell proteins that serve as a chemical alarm bell (interleukin, interferon, tumor necrosis factor)
50
What does **immune dysregulation** cause ?
Overactive immune system can result in allergies, arthritis, and lupus; while an underactive immune system can result in cancer and cold/flu outbreaks
51
What are **telomeres** and what is its **function** ?
* chromosome aglets * Protect the ends of choromosomes
52
What is **shoter telomere** length associated with ?
* Smoking * Poor diet * Greater adipose composition * Increasing weight and increased insulin resistance * Lower antioxidant * Sedentary (dose response effect)
53
What did **Shultz and Beach (1999)** find ?
* observational study on older spousal caregivers and non-caregivers control (66-96 yrs) * Found that **63%** relative risk of mortality among caregivers experiencing caregiver burden
54
What did **Kiecolt-Glaser et al.** find ?
* 13 women caring for relative vs 13 age and income-matched controls * found that for 13 women caring for relatives it took their cut **49** days to heal in comparison to the control group (**39**)
55
What did **Damjanovic et al (2007)** find ?
* participants: 41 spousal/child caregivers of PWLD reporting chronic stress vs 41 age/gender matched controls * caregivers reported greater symptoms of depression * Activation-induced T cell proliferation is lower in caregivers (poorer immune response) * Greater pro-inflammatory cytokine production in caregivers * Telomere length of leukocytes are shorter in caregivers
56
What did **Epel at al (2004)** find ?
* 58 heathy mothers of chronically ill child or healthy child; measures psychological distress, TL and telomerase (Results) * Caregiver status was not associated w/ TL or telomerase * High stressed women had shorter telomeres * High stressed women had 50% lower levels of telomerase * Greater preceived stress and longer stress duration = shorter telomere length
57
What did **Epel et al (2006)** find?
Found that shoter telomeres are associated with higher cortisol and higher nonrepinephrine and epinephrine

PSY 805 (11 decks)

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