Week 9

Question 1

What is the best way to measure a relationship?

Answer 1

• Do not measure your relationship against NO conflict but rather how you resolve it
• Conflict is a point of disconnection that if handled properly can lead to mutual understanding, connection, and deeper intimacy

Question 2

What are the sources of interpersonal conflict?

Answer 2

• Avoiding conflict altogether (avoidance)
• Rigidity (my way or the highway)
• Not listening
• Mind-reading
• The need to win: use of power and conotrol tactics (blaming/accusing: iron fist; playing the martyr: velvet rope)
• Negative reciprocity (respond to a negative comment with a negative comment)
• Demand-withdraw pattern (stonewalling): feel insulted and ignore the person

Question 3

What is the demand-withdrawn pattern?

Answer 3

• Criticism
• Defensiveness
• Contempt
• Stonewall

Question 4

What is the triangulation for maladaptive communication ?

Answer 4

1. Victim
2. Persecutor
3. Rescuer
   * Blaming; not taking responsibility
   * Bring 3rd person into arguement: Rescuer
   * roles will shift

Question 5

What are attributions?

Answer 5

Cognitions people use to explain why a person behaves in a certain way

Question 6

What are blaming attributions?

Answer 6

• Internal stable: inherent trait of individual (e.g., he’s a jerk; personality)
• External unstable: situation specific (e.g., he just had a huge fight with his boss; contexualizing behaviours)

Question 7

What is involved in adaptive communication?

Answer 7

• Similairites - finding common ground
• Empathy - putting yourself in the other person’s skin and experiencing the world through their eyes
• Positive reciprocity - expressing how much you like each other’s qualitites
• Active listening
• Assertive communication

Question 8

What are the 3 components to proper conflict resolution ?

Answer 8

1. Active listening/reflective listening: Providing feedback of understanding. Paraphrase words and feelings. Clarifying what the person has said.
2. Indentifying your position (DESC): Assertively state your thoughts and feelings by describing, expressing, specifying, and stating consequences
3. Exploring alternative solutions: Find a common ground; negotiate (take turns, do both, trial period, split the difference)

Question 9

How do you use DESC in regards to verbal assertiveness?

Answer 9

• Describe: Describe the behaviour/situation as completely and objectively as possible. Just the facts! Don’t attack.
• Express: Express your feelings or thoughts about the behaviour/situation. Try phrasing your statements using “I” and not you “You”.
• Specify: Specify what behaviour/outcome you would prefer to happen
• Consequences: Specify the consequences if this happens (Both + & -). This is not an ultimatum - refer back to your needs.

Question 10

What occurs when you are assertive ?

Answer 10

When you are assertive you are able to:
* Decrease defensiveness
* Express and communicate your feelings accurately
* Ask for things you want and ‘say no’ to things you don’t want
* Have the opportunity to have your interests (needs, wants, concerns, fears) met
* Attain the respect of others

Whole clear message using minimally effective response

Question 11

What is assertive behaviour?

Answer 11

Satisfying own needs, but not at the expense of others

Question 12

What is non-assertive behaviour?

Answer 12

Giving up wishes and needs in order to satisy others

Question 13

What is aggresive behaviour?

Answer 13

Seeking to domiinate others and meet needs at the expense of others

Question 14

What is involved in nonverbal assertiveness?

Answer 14

• Stand straight
• Maintain eye contact
• Speak in clear and steady voice
• Speak fluently with no hesitation
• Keep your body language open and receptive (clear and confident)

Question 15

What is involved in responsibility

conflict resolution

Answer 15

• Taking responsibility: no blaming!
• Setting physical and psychological boundaries
• non-assertive behaviour is toxic to the individual

Question 16

What is social support?

Answer 16

Social interactions embedded in relationships that provide a person with potential access to actual or perceived resources from others who are perceived as “caring”

Question 17

What is social strain?

Answer 17

social interactions within a network that are a source of stress because they drain resources or provide assistance in an unhelpful manner

Question 18

How does social support help manage stress?

Answer 18

• Direct Effect Theory
• Stress Buffer Theory

Question 19

What is the direct effect theory?

Answer 19

• prevention of stress from occuring
• beneficial effects regardless of stress level
• High stess + High social support = Benefit
• Low stress + High social support = Benefit

Question 20

What is the stress buffer theory?

Answer 20

• prevent effects of stressor on health outcomes
• moderator
• High Stress + High social support (moderate/buffer high stress)= Benefit
• Low stress + High social support (to maange stress; nothing to buffer) = No benefit
• most frequent; presence of stress has to be here

Question 21

What are the types of support?

Answer 21

• Tangible (e.g., money)
• Emotional (e.g., caring concern)
• Informational (e.g., resources, advice)

Importance of Matching hypothesis: social suport only effective when receiving the type of support you need

Question 22

What is social support associated with?

Answer 22

• Overall rreported health
• Decreased depression
• Immune system (e.g. IL-6) - improve; lower inflammation
• Cardiovascular health
• Neuroendocrine function (e.g. cortisol)
• Patient adherence to medication
• Sex based differences: females give and receive greater social support than do males

Question 23

What did Kirchsbaum et al 1995 find?

Social support and Health

Answer 23

• “Support” person present during anticipation phase
• Women had a heightened cortisol response to the TSST when they were with their partner
• Men had a buffer when having no support than having a stranger with them ‘
• Men had lower levels of cortisol when with their partner
• Findings were independent of perceived stress, social support, and mood

Question 24

What did Holt-Lundstad & Clark 2014 find?

Social suport and Health

Answer 24

• Participants were assigned to either supportive friend or ambivalent friend
• Speech task; +/-/ambivalent/ambiguous messaging during task
• Outcome: cardiovascular response

Results
* Baseline BP w/ ambivalent friend > supportive friend (and greater feelings of anxiety)
* Reactivity HR with ambivalent friend > supportive freind (hyper)
* Reactivity BP and messaging: ambivalent > ambiguous (more stress reactive)
* Speed of BP Recovery with supportive friend > ambivalent friend

Question 25

What is **ethnic identity**?

Answer 25

defined through culture, language or national origin

Question 26

What is **invovled** in ethinic identity?

Answer 26

* **Assimilation**: absrobed into the dominate culture * **Acculturation**: absorbed into the dominant culture while maintaining idenitity as a member of minority culture * **Alternation**: modification of cultural behaviour to fit the social context * **Multiculturalism**: maintaining a distinct indentity as a member of two or more cultures (e.g. bicultural) * **Fusion**: assimilate and bring component of your culture to form a new strong cohesive culture (melting pot theory)

Question 27

What did **Dr. Mamie and Kenneth Clark's Doll Test (1947)** cause?

Answer 27

"The original doll experiment paved the way for racial integreation of public schools 6 decades ago, and raised questions about the consequences of slavery for example, preference for skin tone. Clark & Clark advanced our knowledge about self-concept among young children"

Question 28

What did **Byrd et al (2017)** Doll Test find?

Answer 28

* Doll manipulation: skin tone & hair style * Questions: Which doll is mean, nice, good, bad, etc. * Mean doll: dark skined doll had highest score * Pretty doll: dark skined doll had lowest score * Pretty hair: natural straight hair was considered the prettiest Results * Mean (perceived attitude?) vs bad or ugly * Eurocentric beauty standards * A shift but more work is needed

Question 29

What does **racism cause**?

Answer 29

* Racism blocks educational and economic opportunities, which can lead to stress over limited resources * Increased rates of hypertension in African Americans - could be related to racism/social factors * Experiencing racism can cause activation of HPA axis and/or result in negative health behaviours

Question 30

What do **POC** exhibit higher rates of?

Answer 30

POC exhibit higher rates of PTSD following military combat or natural disaster * **Working Hypothesis**: Indirectly influenced by prior racial or ethnic discrimination

Question 31

What do **sexual minority men** have higher levels of?

Answer 31

Sexual minority men living in American states with high levels of structural stigma (compared to low levels) display high AL

Question 32

What did **DeSantis et al., 2007)** find? | Our Interpersonal society study

Answer 32

* Racial/Ethnic difference in cortisol diurnal rhythms in a community sample of adolescents Results *Minority groups (African American and Hispanic) had significant lower levels of cortisol when they wake up (expected to be high) *Minority groups also had higher levels of cortisol at bedtime (expected to be lower)

Question 33

What is the **prosocial triad** ?

Answer 33

* **Cultural humility**: recognize our weak understadning of cultures and being open to learn about them * **Discomfort resilience**: sit with discomfort * **Fierce Compassion**: taking action; comes from a place of compassion; recognizing

Question 34

What is **prosociality**?

Answer 34

behaviours we engage in that are intended to benefit others, including actions such as sharing with, comforting, and helping others

Question 35

How does **social media** impact interpersonal connectedness ?

Answer 35

* Loneliness paradox - tech and social media may increase loneliness * Negative effects on wellbeing (dependent on person's goals, nature of communication exchange, and the closeness of the communication partners) * Social comparisons (edited to present our best lives and exp; reading other's stories is associated with ego-deflation, upward comparison, envy, and subsequent feelings of depression) * FOMO and phubbing * Passive vs active users and wellbeing

Question 36

What did the **Facebook experiment** (Tromholt, 2016) find?

Answer 36

* 1,300 participants: continue to use or don't over 1 week * Quitting Facebook for 1 week associated with increased wellbeing and life satisfaction, esp. in: heavy users, users who experience Facebook envy and Passive users

Question 37

What did **Hunt et al., (2019)** find?

Answer 37

* Objective: Examine the effect of limiting usuage of multiple social platforms on wellbeing (FB, Snap, Insta; 10 mins each day) * Part.: 143 undergrad students * DVs: Social support, FOMO, loneliness, anxiety, depression, self-esteem, autonomy & self-acceptance * IV: group (limit/no limit), objective usage (battery screen time) Results * Group effect on loneliness and depression over 3 weeks * FOMO predicted more usuafe * Battery screen time associated with poorer outcomes (rec. not more than 30 mins/day)