Week 5

Question 1

What is work stess ?

Answer 1

Generic and applies to all manners of work-related contexts

Question 2

What is organizational stress ?

Answer 2

Deals with struture of organization

ex: overpromotion

Question 3

What is job stress ?

Answer 3

Deals with specific roles and demands of a job

Question 4

What are the 5 models of work stress ?

Answer 4

1. Organizational Role Stress
2. Person-Environment Fit Model
3. Job Demands-Control (Job Strain) Model
4. Effort-Reward Imbalance (ERI) Model
5. Organizational Injustice Model

Question 5

What 3 concepts fall under the organizational role stress model ?

Answer 5

1. Role conflict
2. Role ambiguity
3. Role overload

Question 6

What is role conflict ?

Answer 6

2 or more role demands are incompatible with one another

ex: working overtime but need to be home by 5pm for the kids

Question 7

What is role ambiguity ?

Answer 7

Duties, responsibilities, and performance expectations of the job are not clearly defined by leaders

ex: what is my job description?

Question 8

What is role overload ?

Answer 8

Workload is too great and there are insufficient resources to complete tasks
- Quantitative: not enough time
- Qualitative: lacking in comptence

Question 9

What is involved in the person-environment fit model ?

Answer 9

• Distress is experienced due to perception of misfit
• Greater the perceived misfit, greater the distress

Question 10

What are the 2 forms of misfits ?

Answer 10

• Person’s abilities do not match the demands of organization
• Person’s needs not met by the organization

Question 11

What is involved in the Job Strain model ?

Answer 11

Strain occurs when a worker experiences high job demands and has little control

Question 12

What is low decision latitude ?

Answer 12

• Having insufficient control or authority over one’s job to autonomously complete job tasks
• Need a balance b/w competence and authority/control
• High competence and low authority = low decision latitude

Question 13

What is the least pathogenic ?

Answer 13

Low demand and high control

Question 14

What is the most pathogenic ?

Answer 14

High demand and low control

Question 15

What is the second most pathogenic ?

Answer 15

Low demands and low control

Question 16

What has a high job satisfaction ?

Answer 16

High demand and high control

Question 17

What is involved in the Effort-Reward Imbalance model ?

Answer 17

• Distress occurs from high-cost-low-gain work efforts
• Imbalance in reciprocity causes one to experience distress
• Threatens one’s sense of mastery and self-efficacy

Question 18

What is the Organizational Injustice Model ?

Answer 18

Assumes that stress occurs when the organization’s interpersonal transactions, procedures, or outcomes are perceived as unfair

Question 19

What did Merchand et al (2011) find ?

Answer 19

Canadian women experience more occupational stress than men, depending on the type of employment

Organizational Injustice Model: Gender

Question 20

What are the stressors that particularly affect women ?

Answer 20

• Career blocks
• Sexual harrasment
• Performance pressure
• Gender stereotyping
• Male-dominated climate
• Isolation
• Lack of role models

Question 21

How are women disadvantaged in the world of work ?

Answer 21

• They make less money than their male counterparts
• Women are subjected to more sexual harassment (50% vs15%)
• Jobs usually hierarchically inferior to men with fewer benefits and oppotunities for growth
• Racialized women earn less than white women

Question 22

What is intersectionality ?

Answer 22

The study of overlapping social identities and related systems of oppression, domination, or discrimination

Question 23

What is the Matilda Effect ?

Answer 23

Bias against recognizing the acheivements of women scientists

Question 24

What did Knobloch-Westerwick (2013) find ?

Answer 24

• Student participants asked to rate scientific quality of International Coomunication Association abstracts attributed to men or women
• Students attributed greater scientific quality to abstracts authored by men

Question 25

What did **Rajko et al (2023)** find ?

Answer 25

* Women are underrepresented amongst most prolific writers * Womens scholarly work was viewed more, but cited less than men

Question 26

What do **police and firefighters** deal with ?

Answer 26

* Deal with work of an **erratic nature** and can be physically dangerous * 34% of Canadian police officers screen positive for at least 1 mental health disorder (vs 10% general pop)

Question 27

What do **office workers** go through ?

Answer 27

* Clerical work has high work overload and perceived lack of control * CHD rates are twice as high in women clerical worker than women homemakers

Question 28

What do **people-oriented workers** go through ?

Answer 28

* Nurses genrally report high levels of stress: greater risk for burnout * Physicians have higher rates of divorce, suicide, and abuse of prescription drugs than general population * Women in healthcare occupations experience higher levels of stress and burnout compared to men in healthcare

Question 29

What did **Planche et al (2019)** find ?

Answer 29

High-risk occupational police specialities reported **higher** awakening cortisol response in comparison to the general population

Question 30

What did **Akinola & Mendes (2012)** find ?

Answer 30

* Under stress, officers made **more** errors in their shooting decisions compared to no stress, regardless of target's race * Under stress, as **cortisol increased**, officers made **fewer** errors with armed Black targets ( no sign for armed White target), suggesting **HPA activation increases vigilance for "threat cues"** | Stress and shooting errors among police officers

Question 31

What did **Niu el al. (2015)** find ?

Answer 31

* Night Shift slept fewer hrs than Day Shift * NS dispalyed **flatter CAR and higher cortisol** during the day (reversal of diurnal slope) * The minimum off period reuiqred for nurses to recover from NS is **2 days** * The minimum adjustment period required for nurses to get used to NS is **~5 days** | Nursing and HPA function

Question 32

What are **health outcomes** of occupational stress ?

Answer 32

* **Physiological effects**: hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, high levels of stress hormones, high levels of inflammation * **Behavioural effects**: maladaptive behaviours (ex: smoking, alcohol. drugs) * **Psychological effects**: burnout * **Disease States**: CVD, obesity, diabetes, psychosomatic symptoms

Question 33

What is **burnout** characterized by ?

Answer 33

* Emotional exhaustion * Depersonalization * Reduced Personal Accomplishment

Question 34

What is **emotional exhaustion** ?

Answer 34

emotionally drained and lacking emotional resources (seen as a precursor)

Question 35

What is **depersonalization** ?

Answer 35

Negative and detatched response to other people and loss of idealism. enhanced cynicism

Question 36

What is **reduced personal accomplishment** ?

Answer 36

Decline in feelings of competence and performance at work

Question 37

What are the **key symptoms** of burnout ?

Answer 37

* Diminished sense of humor and social withdrawal * Skipping rest and meals * Increased overtime/no vacation * Increased physical complaints * Changed job performance * Self-medication

Question 38

What are the **6 dimensions** involved in burnout ?

Answer 38

1. Workload 2. Control 3. Reward 4. Community 5. Fairness 6. Values

Question 39

What is **workload** ?

Answer 39

Excessive workload and demands, so that recovery cannot be achieved

Question 40

What is **control** ?

Answer 40

Employees do not have sufficient control over the resources needed to complete or accomplish their job

Question 41

What is **reward** ?

Answer 41

* Lack of adequate reward for the job done * Rewards can be financial, social, and intrinsic

Question 42

What is **community** ?

Answer 42

Employees do not perceive a sense of positive connections with thier collegues and managers, leading to frusturation and reducing the likelihood of social support

Question 43

What is **fairness** ?

Answer 43

A person perceiving unfairness at the workplace, including inequity of workload and pay

Question 44

What is **values** ?

Answer 44

Employees feeling constrained by their job to act against their own values and their aspiration or when they experience conflicts b/w the organization's values

Question 45

How does burnout **occur in nursing** ?

Answer 45

* **High workload and staffing** predicts burnout * **Low control** associated with the burnout subscales * **Long shifts** predict (>12 hours) emotional exhaustion * **Irregular shifts** predicts burnout, but findings are generally mixed (depends on schedueling flexibility) * **Lower supports** * **Consequences**: high turn over, absenteeism, subsequent health outcomes, compromised patient safety and higher rate of adverse evetns, patient dissatisfaction

Question 46

What did a **study in the US (2006)** find ?

Answer 46

* **61%** use all vacation time * **43%** spent at least some time working during vacation