Week 12

Question 1

what are the links in the chain of infection

Answer 1

• infectious microbe
• susceptible host
• reservoir
• portal of exit
• modes of transmission
• portal of entry

Question 2

infective etiologies

Answer 2

smallest to biggest
- prions
- viruses
- bacteria
- fungi
- protozoa
- multicellular parasites

Question 3

routes of transmission

Answer 3

• person-to-person
• common vehicle/source
• vector borne
• endogenous

Question 4

mechanisms of route of transmission

Answer 4

• airborne
• contact with infectious material

Question 5

direct person to person transmission

Answer 5

• sexual transmission
• perinatal mother to child transmission
• needle injection
• skin-to-skin
• human bites

Question 6

indirect person to person transmission

Answer 6

• fomites (contaminated objects)
• air: airborne & droplets

Question 7

common vehicle spread

Answer 7

ingested & biological products

Question 8

zoonotic agents

Answer 8

animal bites, blood/air/food/water/vector borne

Question 9

what are endogenous routes of transmission

Answer 9

from human flora

Question 10

systemic clinical features of infection

Answer 10

• fever
• chills
• constitutional symptoms

Question 11

local clinical features of infection

Answer 11

site-dependent

Question 12

pathogenicity

Answer 12

ability to cause disease in the host

Question 13

virulence

Answer 13

extent of disease caused by organism

Question 14

walking pneumonia AKA

Answer 14

pneumonia from mycoplasma pneumoniae

Question 15

pneumococcal pneumonia AKA

Answer 15

pneumonia from streptococcus pneumoniae

Question 16

mechanism of virulence includes

Answer 16

maintaining presence & invading host
- capsules/cell wall
- toxins
- adhesins
- enzymes

Question 17

what is the function of capsules/cell wall

Answer 17

evade host defences such as phagocytosis & white cell attachment

Question 18

what is the virulence function of gram negative bacteria

Answer 18

mediates septic shock using lipopolysaccharide

Question 19

what is the virulence function of clostridium difficile toxins

Answer 19

causes clostridium difficile associated diarrhea, colitis

Question 20

what is the virulence function of encapsulated bacteria

Answer 20

capsules help prevent phagocytosis and recognition by host immune system

Question 21

what are the treatment of infections

Answer 21

• antimicrobials
• surgical interventions

Question 22

what do surgical interventions do

Answer 22

address structural abnormalities & reduce burden of disease

Question 23

what are examples of antimicrobials

Answer 23

antibiotics, antifungals, antivirals

Question 24

beta lactams mechanisms of action

Answer 24

binds to transpeptidase active site

Question 25

clostridium difficile associated diarrhea is often associated with __

Answer 25

antibiotic use as it affects normal bowel flora

Question 26

Multidrug resistant gram negative organisms

Answer 26

- Multidrug resistant pseudomonas - Carbapenemase producing bacteria

Question 27

what are the 5 pillars of infection control

Answer 27

- isolation & barrier precautions - decontamination of equipment - decontamination of environment - prudent use of antibiotics - handwashing

Question 28

what is surveillance

Answer 28

early recognition of problems for more effective infection control

Question 29

the lesser the virulence, the ___ of survival & propagation

Answer 29

greater success

Question 30

specific symptoms of COVID-19

Answer 30

anosmia (loss of smell) & aguesia (loss of taste)

Question 31

what are the methods of infection control

Answer 31

- hand hygiene - social distancing - extensive surveillance - contact tracing

Question 32

clinical presentations of clostridium difficile associated diarrhea

Answer 32

diarrhea, colitis, fever, abdominal pain

Question 33

what factors involved nucleic acid synthesis

Answer 33

folate synthesis, DNA gyrase, RNA polymerase

Question 34

what factors involved protein synthesis

Answer 34

50S & 30S subunit

Question 35

what factors involved cell wall synthesis

Answer 35

Beta lactams, vancomycin bacitracin, cell membrane

Question 36

what are markers of inflammation

Answer 36

C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, ESR, differential count

Question 37

what do gram positive bacteria produce

Answer 37

exotoxins

Question 38

what do gram negative bacteria produce after death

Answer 38

endotoxins

Question 39

what are primitive forms of bacteria which replicate via binary fission

Answer 39

chlamydiae, rickettsia, mycoplasma

Question 40

bacteria reproduce by __

Answer 40

binary fission

Question 41

incubation period

Answer 41

Time between entry of organism into the body and appearance of clinical signs of disease

Question 42

prodromal period

Answer 42

early symptoms which indicate disease onset before more specific symptoms develop

Question 43

Septicemia

Answer 43

multiplication of pathogens in blood

Question 44

Bacteremia

Answer 44

presence of bacteria in blood

Question 45

Viremia

Answer 45

presence of virus in blood

Question 46

leukocytosis suggests __

Answer 46

bacterial infection

Question 47

leukopenia suggests __

Answer 47

viral infection

Question 48

what type of infleunza is most associated with severity and epidemics

Answer 48

Type A & B

Question 49

why type of influenza is mild & common version of flu

Answer 49

type C

Question 50

anatomical distribution of pneumonia

Answer 50

lobar, broncho, interstitial pneumonia

Question 51

diagnostic tests for active infections

Answer 51

- acid-fast sputum fast - CXR - sputum culture & sensitivity