Week 2

Question 1

Teratogen

Answer 1

Behaviour, environment or bodily condition that can have damaging influence on prenatal development

Question 2

Emryonic phase: Which weeks, and which organs are initially formed in this period?

Answer 2

3-8 weeks, all major organs but sex organs.

Question 3

Fetal period -
- Which weeks.
- when viability occurs, and why.
- What occurs at 28 weeks

Answer 3

-Week 9 to birth
-Rare before the third trimester, because of the immaturity of lungs
-sleep-wake cycle similar to newborn, can remember and respond to sound, taste and mother’s movements

Question 4

Heritability

Answer 4

An estimate of the extent to which genes are responsible for the differences among people within a specific population. The value of the heritability estimate ranges from 0 to 1.00. The higher the heritability, the more the characteristic is believed to be influenced by genetics.

Question 5

Do Heritability estimates measure pheno or genotype?

Answer 5

Phenotype

Question 6

concordance rate

Answer 6

degree of similarity in phenotype among pairs of family members, expressed as a percentage

Question 7

epigenesis

Answer 7

development results from the bidirectional interactions between genotype and environment

Question 8

reaction range

Answer 8

range of possible developmental paths established by genes; environment determines where development takes place within that range

Question 9

theory of genotype → environment effects (def + 3 types)

Answer 9

theory proposing that genes influence the kind of environment we experience

passive genotype → environment effects
Evocative genotype → environment effects
Active genotype → environment effects

Question 10

passive genotype → environment effects

Answer 10

the type that results from the fact that in a biological family, parents provide both genes and environment to their children

Question 11

evocative genotype → environment effects

Answer 11

the type that results when a person’s inherited characteristics evoke responses from others in the environment

Question 12

active genotype → environment effects

Answer 12

the type that results when people seek out environments that correspond to their genotypic characteristics

Question 13

key to preventing anencephaly and spina bifida

Answer 13

Folic acid

Question 14

important for building the blood supply of mother and fetus:

Answer 14

Iron

Question 15

_____ is crucial because low-_____ intake during pregnancy increases the risks of miscarriage, stillbirth and abnormalities in fetal brain development.

Answer 15

Iodine

Question 16

fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)

Answer 16

set of problems that occur as a consequence of high maternal alcohol use during pregnancy, including facial deformities, heart problems, misshapen limbs and a variety of cognitive problems

Question 17

Multifactorial disorders

Answer 17

involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors

Question 18

In __________, a long hollow needle is inserted into the pregnant woman’s abdomen and, using the ultrasound image for guidance, a sample of the amniotic fluid is withdrawn from the placenta surrounding the fetus. 15-20 weeks.

Answer 18

amniocentesis

Question 19

chorionic villus sampling (CVS)

Answer 19

entails sampling and analysing cells early in development to detect possible genetic problem (5-10 weeks)

a tube is inserted through the vagina and into the uterus to obtain the cell sample. CVS entails a slight but genuine risk of miscarriage or damage to the fetus, so it is used only when there is a family history of genetic abnormalities or the woman is age 35 or over

99% accurate

Question 20

Non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT)

Answer 20

A method called non-invasive prenatal testing (or cell-free DNA analysis) was first introduced in 2013 in Australia and is nearly risk-free; mothers only give a simple blood sample.

There is evidence that the test is 99% accurate in detecting chromosomal abnormalities like Down syndrome and it is far less likely to get false positives than the procedures described above

Question 21

intrauterine insemination (IUI)

Answer 21

which involves injecting the man’s sperm directly into the woman’s uterus, timed to coincide with her ovulation

Question 22

If the primary problem is that the woman cannot ovulate properly, the most common approach is to stimulate ovulation through…

Answer 22

fertility drugs

Question 23

in vitro fertilisation (IVF).

Answer 23

In IVF, after fertility drugs are used to stimulate the growth of numerous follicles in the woman’s ovaries, the ripe ova are then removed and combined with the man’s sperm so that fertilisation will take place.

After a few days, it is possible to tell which of the zygotes have developed and which have not, so the most promising two or three are placed into the woman’s uterus in the hope that one will continue to develop. In vitro fertilisation success rates have steadily improved in recent years, and are currently about 50% per attempt for women under age 35

Question 24

neonatal jaundice

Answer 24

yellowish pallor common in the first few days of life due to immaturity of the liver

Question 25

phototherapy

Answer 25

Involves exposing the neonate to coloured light; blue works best

Question 26

anoxia

Answer 26

deprivation of oxygen during the birth process and soon after that can result in serious neurological damage within minutes

Question 27

Apgar scale

Answer 27

neonatal assessment scale with five subtests: Appearance (colour), Pulse (heart rate), Grimace (reflex irritability), Activity (muscle tone) and Respiration (breathing).

0, 1 or 2 on each, max 10 total

Question 28

Brazelton Neonatal Behavioural Assessment Scale (NBAS).

Answer 28

The NBAS contains 27 items assessing reflexes (such as blinking), physical states (such as irritability and excitability), responses to social stimulation and central nervous system instability (indicated by symptoms such as tremors). Based on these 27 items, the neonate receives an overall rating of ‘worrisome’, ‘normal’ or ‘superior’

Question 29

Neonates are considered to have low birth weight if they are born weighing less than

Answer 29

2500 grams

Question 30

preterm

Answer 30

born 3 or more weeks earlier than the optimal 40 weeks after conception

Question 31

small for date

Answer 31

weigh less than 90% of the average for other neonates who were born at the same gestational age

Question 32

kangaroo care

Answer 32

mothers or fathers are advised to place their preterm newborns skin-to-skin on their chests for 2–3 hours a day during the early weeks of life

Question 33

Another reason is that their hearing system is not physiologically mature until they are about 2 years old.

Question 34

their abilities for sound localisation actually become worse for the first 2 months of life, but then improve rapidly and reach adult levels by 1 year of age

Question 35

structures of the eye are still immature at birth, specifically: (1) the muscles of the lens, which adjust the eyes’ focus depending on the distance from the object; (2) the cells of the retina, the membrane in the back of the eye that collects visual information and converts it into a form that can be sent to the brain; (3) cones, which identify colours; and (4) the optic nerve, which transmits visual information from the retina to the brain.

Question 36

Vision improves steadily as their eyes mature, and reaches 20/20 sometime in the second half of the first year.

Question 37

Their capacity for binocular vision, combining information from both eyes for perceiving depth and motion, is also limited at birth but matures quickly, by about 3–4 months old

Answer 37

Colour vision matures at about the same pace

Question 38

Neonates can distinguish between red and white but not between white and other colours, probably because the cones are immature

at 4 months same as parents

Question 39

What benefits of breastfeeding have been demonstrated by scientific research in recent decades?

Answer 39

-Disease protection. Breast milk contains antibodies and other substances that strengthen the baby’s immune system

-Cognitive development. The benefits are mainly for infants who are preterm or low birth weight and consequently are at risk for cognitive difficulties

• Reduced obesity.

-Breastfeeding for at least 6 months reduces the likelihood of obesity in childhood

-Better health in childhood and adulthood: promoting bone density, enhancing vision and improving cardiovascular functioning.

Question 40

benefits for mothers of breastfeeding

Answer 40

-breastfeeding triggers the release of the hormone oxytocin (reduces bleeding)
-strengthens bones
-Burns weight
-reduces their risk of ovarian and breast cancer even many years later

Question 41

colostrum

Answer 41

thick, yellowish liquid produced by mammalian mothers during the first days following birth, extremely rich in protein and antibodies that strengthen the baby’s immune system

Question 42

Three distinct kinds of crying signals have been identified + 2 general ones

Answer 42

Fussing
Anger cry
Pain cry
Basic cry / frustration cry (general)

Question 43

crying curve

Answer 43

stable for the first 3 weeks of life, rising steadily and reaching a peak by the end of the second month, then declining.

Question 44

PURPLE

Answer 44

Peak pattern
Unpredictable
Resistant to soothing
Pain-like face
Long lasting
Evening crying

Question 45

colic

Answer 45

infant crying pattern in which the crying goes on for more than 3 hours a day over more than 3 days at a time for more than 3 weeks

Question 46

imprinting

Answer 46

instant and enduring bond to the first moving object seen after birth; common in birds