Week 7 - Adolescence

Question 1

adolescence

Answer 1

period of the life span between the time puberty begins and the time adult status is approached, when young people are preparing to take on the roles and responsibilities of adulthood in their culture

Question 2

puberty

Answer 2

changes in physiology, anatomy and physical functioning that develop a person into a mature adult biologically and prepare the body for sexual reproduction

Question 3

What triggers the puberty

Answer 3

proportion of fat in the body increases to reach a threshold level, a series of chem events are then triggered in hypothalamus.

Question 4

oestrogens

Answer 4

sex hormones that have especially high levels in females from puberty onwards; they are mostly responsible for female primary and secondary sex characteristics

Question 5

androgens

Answer 5

sex hormones that have especially high levels in males from puberty onwards; they are mostly responsible for male primary and secondary sex characteristics

Question 6

oestradiol

Answer 6

the oestrogen most important in pubertal development among girls

Question 7

testosterone

Answer 7

the androgen most important in pubertal development among boys

Question 8

_______ sex characteristics are directly related to reproduction: specifically, the production of ova (eggs) in females and sperm in males.

Answer 8

Primary

Question 9

________sex characteristics are the other bodily changes resulting from the rise in sex hormones during puberty, not including the changes related directly to reproduction.

Answer 9

Secondary

Question 10

menarche

Answer 10

first menstrual period

Question 11

spermarche

Answer 11

first ejaculation

Question 12

Now scientists have learned that a sharp increase in synaptic connections occurs around the time puberty begins (10–12 years), a process called ______ or ______

Answer 12

overproduction or exuberance.

Question 13

Overproduction peaks at about age _______, followed by _______

Answer 13

11 or 12
A massive amount of synaptic pruning

Question 14

between the ages of 12 and 20, the average brain loses ___-___% of its volume through synaptic pruning

Answer 14

7–10%

Question 15

________ is the last structure of the brain to stop growing, not completing its phase of overproduction and pruning until the mid-20s

Answer 15

Cerebellum

Question 16

secular trend

Answer 16

change in the characteristics of a population over time

Question 17

Research consistently shows that the effects of early maturation are usually _________for girls.

Answer 17

negative

Question 18

he Growing Up in Australia study found that girls who matured early scored lower on measures of socioemotional functioning (like dealing with their emotions, getting along with peers and coping with school) at ages 8–9 and 10–11, but by ages 12–13, ___________________________________________

Answer 18

there were no differences based on stage of pubertal development

Question 19

Dieting is very common, with one study finding that 90% of Australian teen aged girls and 68% of teenaged boys had been on a diet of some kind, and 1 in 5 girls had fasted, in the previous month

Question 20

Anorexia is characterised by four primary symptoms:

Answer 20

1. inability to maintain body weight at 85% or more of normal weight for height
2. fear of weight gain
3. lack of menstruation
4. distorted body image.

Question 21

Four classifications of substance use:

Answer 21

experimental,
social,
medicinal and
addictive

Question 22

According to Piaget (1972), the stage of formal operations begins at about age ___ and reaches completion somewhere between ages ___ and ___

Answer 22

11
15 and 20

Question 23

formal operations

Answer 23

in Piaget’s theory, cognitive stage beginning at age 11 in which people learn to think systematically about possibilities and hypotheses

Question 24

hypothetical-deductive reasoning

Answer 24

Piaget’s term for the process of applying scientific thinking to cognitive tasks

Question 25

The limitations of Piaget’s theory of formal operations fall into two related categories:

Answer 25

individual differences in the attainment of formal operations and

the cultural basis of adolescent cognitive development.

Question 26

On any given Piagetian task of formal operations, the success rate among late adolescents and adults is only ___-___% depending on the task and on individual factors such as educational background

Answer 26

40–60%

Question 27

Adolescents become more proficient at both _______and _______ attention, and they become better at using _________strategies.

Answer 27

selective
divided
memory

Question 28

metacognition

Answer 28

the capacity to think about thinking.

Question 29

According to Elkind, adolescent egocentrism has two aspects—the _________ and the _________

Answer 29

imaginary audience and the personal fable.

Question 30

imaginary audience

Answer 30

belief that others are acutely aware of and attentive to one’s appearance and behaviour

Question 31

personal fable

Answer 31

belief in one’s personal uniqueness, often including a sense of invulnerability to the consequences of taking risks

Question 32

Three types of schooling many european countries have

Answer 32

College-preparatory school (academic courses / general education)
Vocational school (specific occupation training, e.g. plumbing)
Professional school (teacher training, the arts or other purpose)

Question 33

At age 15 or 16, adolescents in _______ choose which type of secondary school they will enter, and this is a decision that is likely to have an enormous impact on the rest of their lives

Answer 33

Europe

Question 34

commercial sexual exploitation

Answer 34

the practice of coercing or forcing people to engage in sex work

Question 35

Common features of apprenticeship programs

Answer 35

• entry at age 16, with the apprenticeship lasting 2–3 years
• continued part-time schooling while in the apprenticeship, with the school curriculum closely connected to the training received in the apprenticeship
  -training that takes place in the workplace, under real working conditions
  -preparation for a career in a respected profession that provides an adequate income.

Question 36

Comparing preadolescent Year 5 students to adolescent Year 8 students, Reed Larson and Maryse Richards (1994) describe the emotional ‘fall from grace’ that occurs during that time, as the proportion of time experienced as ‘very happy’ declines by _____%, and similar declines take place in reports of feeling ‘great’, ‘proud’ and ‘in control’.

Answer 36

50%

Question 37

One aspect of the complexity of adolescents’ self-conceptions is that they can distinguish between _________an self and _________selves

Answer 37

actual
possible

Question 38

false self

Answer 38

self a person may present to others while realising that it does not represent what he or she is actually thinking and feeling

Question 39

Research indicates that adolescents are most likely to put on their false selves with _____________ and least likely with their __________; _________ are in-between

Answer 39

potential romantic partners
close friends
parents

Question 40

Reasons why self-esteem might fall in early adolescence and then rise again in emerging adulthood.

Answer 40

The ‘imaginary audience’ can make them self-conscious in a way that decreases their self-esteem

peers have developed new cognitive capacities for sarcasm and ridicule

Question 41

Self-Perception Profile for Adolescents distinguishes the following eight domains of adolescent self-concept:

Answer 41

scholastic competence
social acceptance
athletic competence
physical appearance
job competence
romantic appeal
behavioural conduct
close friendship

Question 42

ender-intensification hypothesis

Answer 42

hypothesis that psychological and behavioural differences between males and females become more pronounced at adolescence because of intensified socialisation pressures to conform to culturally prescribed gender roles

Question 43

examined this question in traditional cultures around the world and concluded that an adolescent boy must demonstrate three capacities before he can be considered a man: p______, p_________ and p________.

Answer 43

provide
protect
procreate

Question 44

Kohlberg viewed moral development as based on ____________ _________

Answer 44

cognitive development

Question 45

preconventional reasoning

Answer 45

first level in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, in which moral reasoning is based on perceptions of the likelihood of external rewards and punishments

Question 46

conventional reasoning

Answer 46

second level in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, in which moral reasoning is based on the expectations of others

Question 47

postconventional reasoning

Answer 47

third level in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, in which moral reasoning is based on the individual’s own independent judgments rather than on what others view as wrong or right

Question 48

There are general developmental patterns that hold across cultures, for example

Answer 48

compared to children, adolescents are less likely to reason in terms of egocentric considerations and more likely to reason in terms of community-oriented considerations.

Question 49

cultural-developmental approach code people’s responses to moral issues according to three types of ‘ethics’ rooted in different worldviews:

Answer 49

The Ethic of Autonomy
defines the individual as the primary moral authority. Individuals are viewed as having a right to do as they wish so long as their behaviour does not harm others.

The Ethic of Community
defines individuals as members of social groups to which they have commitments and obligations. In this ethic, the responsibilities of roles in the family, community and other groups are the basis of one’s moral judgments.

The Ethic of Divinity
defines the individual as a spiritual entity, subject to the prescriptions of a divine authority. This ethic includes moral views based on traditional religious authorities and religious texts (e.g. the Bible, the Koran).

Question 50

intimacy

Answer 50

degree to which two people share personal knowledge, thoughts and feelings

Question 51

Types of crowd

Answer 51

Elites (a.k.a. Populars, Preppies).
Athletes (a.k.a. Jocks).
Academics (a.k.a. Brains, Nerds, Geeks).
Deviants (a.k.a. Druggies, Burnouts).
Others (a.k.a. Normals, Nobodies).

Question 52

One Australian study found that ___% of boys and ____% of girls had perpetrated cyberbullying

Answer 52

13
16

Question 53

three types of cultural approaches to adolescent sexuality:

Answer 53

permissive,
semi-restrictive and
restrictive.

Question 54

permissive culture

Answer 54

culture that encourages and expects sexual activity from its adolescents

Question 55

semi-restrictive culture

Answer 55

culture that has prohibitions on premarital adolescent sex, but the prohibitions are not strongly enforced and are easily evaded

Question 56

restrictive culture

Answer 56

culture that places strong prohibitions on adolescent sexual activity before marriage

Question 57

Australian children aged 9–11 average 119 minutes per day, 12- to 14-year-olds average 157 minutes and 15- to 17-year-olds have the highest average with 181 minutes

Question 58

Eighty per cent of Australian teens had a smartphone in 2015, a huge jump from 23% only 4 years earlier

Question 59

It is not surprising that 80% of Year 9 students in one Australian study reported more than 2 hours of screen time on a typical day

Question 60

Describe the media use model (4 cardinals, and 4 inbetween)

Answer 60

Rather, each adolescent’s identity motivates the selection of media products.

Paying attention to certain media products leads to interaction with those products, meaning that the products are evaluated and interpreted.

Then adolescents engage in application of the media content they have chosen.

They may incorporate this content into their identities—for example, adolescents who respond to alcohol advertisements by taking up drinking—or they may resist the content—for example, adolescents who respond to alcohol advertisements by rejecting them as false and misleading.

Their developing identity then motivates new media selections, and so on.

Question 61

_________ per cent of Australian teens report playing games online and are more likely than other age groups to use game consoles

Answer 61

Forty-seven

Question 62

life-course-persistent delinquent (LCPD)

Answer 62

delinquent who shows a pattern of problems from birth onwards and whose problems continue into adulthood

Question 62

adolescent-limited delinquent (ALD)

Answer 62

delinquent who shows no evidence of problems prior to adolescence and whose delinquent behaviour in adolescence is temporary

Question 63

Among Australian adolescents, 4.3% of boys and 5.8% of girls have major depressive disorder in a 1-year period

Question 64

Delinquency has often proven to be resistant to change in adolescence, but one successful approach has been to intervene at several levels, including the _______ the _____ and the _______ . This is known as the __________ approach

Answer 64

home, the school and the neighbourhood

multisystemic approach

Question 65

protective factors

Answer 65

characteristics of young people that are related to lower likelihood of problems despite experiencing high-risk circumstances

Question 66

Some of the most important protective factors identified in resilience research are

Answer 66

high intelligence,
physical attractiveness,
parenting that provides an effective balance of warmth and control, and
a caring adult ‘mentor’ outside the family

Question 66

Some of the most important protective factors identified in resilience research are

Answer 66

high intelligence,
physical attractiveness,
parenting that provides an effective balance of warmth and control, and
a caring adult ‘mentor’ outside the family