Week 5 - Early Childhood - (C) - Emotional and social development:

Question 1

in the course of __________ children become adept at understanding the sources of other people’s expressed emotions

Answer 1

early childhood

Question 2

by age _________ children are usually accurate in explaining the emotions of the situation

Answer 2

5

Question 3

________ year olds are adept at understanding how emotional states are the basis of subsequent actions

Answer 3

5

Question 4

emotional self-regulation

Answer 4

ability to exercise control over one’s emotions

Question 5

In the brain, the development of the f____ c_____ promotes this process because this is the part of the brain most involved in emotional self-regulation

Answer 5

frontal cortex

Question 6

Another key reason why emotional outbursts decline during early childhood is that children learn strategies for __________

Answer 6

regulating their emotions

Question 7

Parents can help young children develop ___X_____ by providing emotional and physical comfort when their children are upset, suggesting possible strategies for managing emotions and modelling X themselves

Answer 7

effortful control

Question 8

undercontrol

Answer 8

trait of having inadequate emotional self-regulation

Question 9

externalising problems

Answer 9

problems that involve others, such as aggression

Question 10

overcontrol

Answer 10

trait of having excessive emotional self-regulation

Question 11

internalising problems

Answer 11

problems that entail turning distress inwards, towards the self, such as depression and anxiety

Question 12

initiative versus guilt

Answer 12

in Erikson’s life span theory, the early childhood stage in which the alternatives are learning to plan activities in a purposeful way or being afflicted with excess guilt that undermines initiative

Question 13

T/F Behaviour that looks like undercontrol in one culture could be valued as a healthy expression of assertiveness in another culture, at least for boys

Answer 13

T

Question 14

In ___________, moral development advances further as children gain a more detailed and complex understanding of the rules and expectations of their culture

Answer 14

early childhood

Question 15

In ________ children become better at perspective taking, and being able to understand how others think and feel makes them more empathic.

Answer 15

early childhood

Question 16

In _________ there is greater awareness of the rule or expectation that evoked the approval or disapproval. They are also more capable than ________ of anticipating the potential consequences of their actions and avoiding behaviours that would be morally disapproved

Answer 16

early childhood
toddlers

Question 17

Shweder found that by about age _____, children already grasp the moral standards of their culture, and their views change little from childhood to adolescence to adulthood.

Answer 17

5

Question 18

By age ____, they understand the difference between telling the truth and lying, and they believe it is wrong to tell lies even when the liar is not caught. However, their moral reasoning tends to be rigid at this age.

Answer 18

4

Question 19

By the age of __or__, children are capable of making moral judgments that involve considerations of justice and fairness

Answer 19

3 or 4

Question 20

By age _________, children associate a variety of things with either males or females, including toys, games, clothes, household items, occupations and even colours

Answer 20

3 or 4

Question 21

gender constancy

Answer 21

understanding that maleness and femaleness are biological and cannot change

Question 22

gender schema

Answer 22

gender-based cognitive structure for organising and processing information, comprising expectations for males’ and females’ appearance and behaviour

Question 23

self-socialisation

Answer 23

process by which people seek to maintain consistency between their gender schemas and their behaviour

Question 24

Most important factors when searching for a high-quality preschool experience for their children:

Answer 24

-Education and training of teachers.
-Class size and child–teacher ratio.
Experts recommend no more than 20 children in a classroom, and a ratio no higher than five to ten 3-year-olds, per teacher or seven to ten 4-year-olds, per preschool teacher.
-Age-appropriate materials and activities (active engagement)
-Teacher–child interactions (more)

Question 25

parenting styles

Answer 25

practices that parents exhibit in relation to their children and their beliefs about those practices

Question 26

demandingness

Answer 26

degree to which parents set down rules and expectations for behaviour and require their children to comply with them

Question 27

responsiveness

Answer 27

degree to which parents are sensitive to their children’s needs and express love, warmth and concern for them

Question 28

The 4 parenting styles

Answer 28

Authoritative Parenting
Authoritarian parenting

Permissive parenting
Rejecting-neglecting parenting (disengaged)

Question 29

disengaged parents

Answer 29

low in both demandingness and responsiveness

Question 30

permissive parents

Answer 30

low in demandingness and high in responsiveness

Question 31

authoritarian parents

Answer 31

high in demandingness but low in responsiveness

Question 32

authoritative parents

Answer 32

high in demandingness and high in responsiveness

Question 33

Outcomes associated with Authoritative parenting style

Answer 33

Independent,
Creative,
Self-assured
Socially skilled

Question 34

Outcomes associated with Authoritarian parenting style

Answer 34

Dependent
Passive
Conforming

Question 35

Outcomes associated with Permissive parenting style

Answer 35

Irresponsible
Conforming
Immature

Question 36

Outcomes associated with Disengaged parenting style

Answer 36

Impulsive
Behaviour problems
Early sex, drugs

Question 37

reciprocal or bidirectional effects

Question 38

filial piety

Answer 38

belief that children should respect, obey and revere their parents throughout life; common in Asian cultures

Question 39

In addition to using time out, parenting researchers recommend (3)

Answer 39

(1) explaining the reasons for discipline;
(2) being consistent so that the consequences will be predictable to the child (and hence avoidable); and
(3) exercising discipline at the time of the misbehaviour (not later on) so that the connection will be clear

Question 40

psychological control

Answer 40

parenting strategy that uses shame and withdrawal of love to influence children’s behaviour

Poor outcomes in western countries

Question 41

corporal punishment

Answer 41

physical punishment of children

Question 42

child maltreatment

Answer 42

abuse or neglect of children, including physical, emotional or sexual abuse

Question 43

foster care

Answer 43

for maltreated children, approach in which adults approved by a state agency take over the care of the child

Question 44

Mead’s classifications of childhood social stages (3)

Answer 44

0 -2 lap child - Needs constant care; doted on by others

3 -4 knee child - Still cared for mainly by mothers, but spends more time with other children

5 - 6 yard child - More time spent with same-sex peers; sometimes unsupervised

Question 45

in all 12 cultures __________ was recognised as a common response to the birth of a younger sibling.

Answer 45

jealousy

Question 46

By age ___or___, they also understand that friendship is characterised by mutual trust and support, and that a friend is someone you can rely on over time

Answer 46

5 or 6

Question 47

peers

Answer 47

people who share some aspect of their status in common, such as age

Question 48

From toddlerhood through early childhood, ____ play and ______play decline somewhat, while _____ play and ______ play increase

Answer 48

solitary
parallel

simple social
cooperative pretend

Question 49

across cultures, children played in same-sex groups ______-____% of the time at age 2–3, rising to over ____% of the time by age 11.

Answer 49

30–40%
90%

Question 50

instrumental aggression

Answer 50

type of aggression when a child wants something and uses aggressive behaviour or words to get it

Question 51

hostile aggression

Answer 51

type of aggression that entails signs of anger and intent to inflict pain or harm on others

Question 52

relational aggression

Answer 52

type of aggression that involves damaging another person’s reputation among peers through social exclusion and malicious gossip

Question 53

Verbal aggression

Answer 53

is the use of words to hurt others, through yelling at them, calling them names or hostile teasing.

Question 54

There is abundant evidence that physical aggression peaks in ________ and ______ _____

Answer 54

toddlerhood
early childhood

Question 55

One national study in the United States followed the course of physical aggression in a longitudinal study of children from age 2 to 9. They found five trajectory groups

Answer 55

The largest group declined steeply in physical aggression from age 2 to 9.
two ‘low-trajectory’ groups that never showed much physical aggression
one ‘moderate-trajectory’ group that remained moderate
one ‘high-trajectory’ group that remained high.

Question 56

In contrast to ______ aggression, ______aggression rises across early childhood, at least in the Western countries

Answer 56

physical
verbal

Question 57

Like verbal, _________aggression also becomes more common in the course of early childhood

Answer 57

relational

Question 58

Young children aged ___-___ are believed to be especially vulnerable to the effects of media violence.

They are more likely than younger or older children to model their behaviour after the behaviour of others, including cartoon characters. Also, they are less likely than older children to have a clear understanding of the boundary between fantasy and reality, and so are more likely to believe that what they witness in media is real.

Answer 58

3–6

Question 59

Young children are especially susceptible to advertising as they are less aware of advertising intent than older children are. Most do not perceive a distinction between a program and an advertisement until about age ____

Answer 59

5

Question 60

It is during ____ that children first connect musical sounds with specific emotions; for example, recognising songs in major keys as happy and songs in minor keys as sad. By age 5, children show distinct preferences for music that is harmonious rather than dissonant and has a steady rather than an erratic beat.

Answer 60

early childhood