Week 2

Question 1

For patient care and communication, you must understand all needs including what?

Answer 1

1) Cultural
2) Social
3) Economic
4) Emotional

Question 2

What is the goal of patient care and communication?

Answer 2

Requires having a balance between evidence-based medicine and the patient’s individual needs and wants

Question 3

Experiences of patients correlate with health outcomes; explain

Answer 3

More positive interactions tend to lead to better outcomes

Question 4

Strongest predictor of a positive rating is the patient’s perception of the communication with their provider; why is this important?

Answer 4

Positive communication = adherence to provider recommendations

Question 5

True or false: Providers with positive marks on surveys have lower malpractice claims

Answer 5

True

Question 6

Give examples of cultural communication

Answer 6

1) Rate pitch, volume of voice
2) Eye contact: direct gaze or avert eyes (respect)
3) Speech: slow and soft, loud and fast
4) Greetings: handshake firm or mild
5) Gestures/nonverbal communication: facial expressions, posture
6) Spacial relationships: Intimate zone, Personal zone, Social zone, & Public zone

Question 7

What should you consider when developing goals and objectives?

Answer 7

1) Needs and readiness of pt
2) Based on assessment of pt knowledge, attitudes, skills
3) Evaluate information available and match it to objectives
-Consider pt budget + pt resources

Pts will adhere if they value the outcome

Question 8

1) What are some consequences of delivering bad news?
2) What are the best practices for doing this?

Answer 8

1) Getting blamed + Emotional intensity
2) Pt-centered approach; Involve their family if desired; Empathy not sadness

Question 9

Describe the preparation phase (phase 1) of delivering bad news

Answer 9

Appropriate location
Time limits
Sensitive to needs
Sensitive to cultural and religious values
Setting a goal

Question 10

What are 2 things ineffective communication can lead to?

Answer 10

1) Wrong dx
2) Noncompliance with tx

Question 11

What should you do for pts who speak English as a second language?

Answer 11

1) Avoid slang, acronyms, shorthand
2) Short, simple sentences
3) Always speak directly to the pt

Question 12

Give examples of effective communication

Answer 12

-Avoid stereotyping
-Describe rather than interpret/evaluate
-Acquisition of attitudes and values
-Acquisition of knowledge
-Acquisition of skills
-Exercise, food prep, etc

Question 13

List 2 things to consider during the information acquisition (phase 2) of delivering bad news

Answer 13

1) What do they want to know?
2) Quantity of information they want?

Question 14

Describe considerations for the following phases of giving bad news:
1) Phase 3: Information sharing
2) Phase 4: Information reception
3) Phase 5: Response

Answer 14

1) Reevaluating agenda/teaching
2) Comprehension of message
-Clarifying misconceptions
3) Reiterate pt’s knowledge of information
-Acknowledge pts response to information

Question 15

1) Define culture
2) What are often shared in a culture?
3) What is it important to do when learning about different cultures?

Answer 15

1) A system of values, beliefs, customs.
2) Language, religion, dress code, food preferences, beliefs on health/illness.
3) Caution overgeneralizing the beliefs/practices of a culture/ethnic group including lifestyle and cultural identity-subcultures.

Question 16

True or false: Each encounter with a pt is considered a cultural exchange

Answer 16

True

Question 17

True or false: It is the responsibility of the PA to learn about beliefs and practices of the patients we serve, to be effective caregivers

Answer 17

True

Question 18

Give an example of culture using the Asian population

Answer 18

1) The US Census Bureau lists 20 Asian groups based on origin
2) The six largest groups in the US: Chinese, Filipino, Indian, Vietnamese, Korean, and Japanese
3) Multiple distinct beliefs and practices i.e. religion
4) Multiple medical practices upheld, including Chinese medical practices
5) Some prefer not to make eye contact during visit

Question 19

Give examples of healthcare disparities

Answer 19

Ethnic or racial
Socioeconomic
Geographic
Sexual orientation
Age
Citizen status
Language
Disabled
Women
Education

Question 20

True or false: Having knowledge of disparities can assist in providing care

Answer 20

True

Question 21

1) African American, Alaska Natives, Am. Indians are more likely to have what 3 conditions?
2) HIV/AIDS 10x more common in what group?
3) What should you know abt the southeast US pop.?

Answer 21

1) Diabetes, CV (cardiovasc.) disease, asthma.
2) African Americans
3) Lower age of mortality, increased DM, and obesity

Question 22

What should you know abt Gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender, pan patients?

Answer 22

Lack health insurance
Depression/anxiety

Question 23

Give examples of Accountable Health Communities Measures

Answer 23

Housing instability
Food insecurity
Transportation problems
Utility help needs
Interpersonal Safety

Question 24

List 4 results of health disparities

Answer 24

Illness
Injury
Disability
Mortality

Question 25

Give examples of other disparities

Answer 25

1) Non-Hispanic whites are more likely to be referred for cardiac catheterization than African Americans 2) Non-Hispanic blacks, Hispanics, and non-Hispanic Asians have lower immunization rates than non-Hispanic Whites 3) Women are more likely to have a chronic condition than men

Question 26

Give an example of a disparity for trans people

Answer 26

"I had my health insurance list me as male, and then they denied coverage for my routine pap smear and a gynecological prescription due to my gender.”

Question 27

True or false: While we do not have to agree with the beliefs of our patients, we must always respect them

Answer 27

True

Question 28

True or false: Cultural Competency is critical to reduce healthcare disparities

Answer 28

True

Question 29

Explain Earned income tax credit

Answer 29

1) The United States federal earned income tax credit is a refundable tax credit for low- to moderate-income working individuals and couples, particularly those with children. 2) The amount of EITC benefit depends on a recipient's income and number of children

Question 30

What is the federal minimum wage?

Answer 30

$7.25 per hour; translates to $14,500 a year for a full-time employee and places a family of three far below the poverty line

Question 31

Expanding the Family Medical Leave Act proposals are what?

Answer 31

1) For smaller employers, add paid leave 2) Allowing family caregivers to be financially compensated for critical care 3) Giving employers incentives to provide paid parental leave and paid sick leave 4) Expanding unemployment insurance

Question 32

Criminal justice and sentencing policies include what?

Answer 32

1) Improving prison health care services to reduce infectious-disease transmission -COVID-19 and vaccinations √ 2) Including alternative sentencing strategies 3) Family preservation 4) Reentry programs 5) Strengthening mental health court pipelines for youth 6) Mental health services and women’s health services into the juvenile crime system

Question 33

Give examples of nutrition assistance programs

Answer 33

1) Adequate nutrition especially during pregnancy and in childhood, when growth is most rapid. 2) Large-scale Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Programs, like SNAP/WIC 3) Access to fresh fruits and vegetables, 1% milk and fewer sugar-sweetened beverages for children

Question 34

Give at least 2 examples of why health behavior incentives are important

Answer 34

1) Health behaviors account for over one-third of premature deaths and are strongly influenced by socioeconomic >Smoking, lack of exercise, and diet are among the most important known determinants of health 2) Supporting FDA regulation to reduce the nicotine in cigarettes to below an addictive threshold.

Question 35

Give an example of healthy behavior incentives

Answer 35

1) Adoption/evaluation of city/state taxes for tobacco and sugar-sweetened beverages 2) Evaluate cross-subsidies that increase the costs of foods high in: fat, salt, or sugar; decrease costs of foods in restaurants and grocery stores

Question 36

What should you know about firearms?

Answer 36

1) Injuries from firearms are an important and preventable source of health disparities, especially for youth, for whom gun incidents are the second-leading cause of death. 2) Accidental discharges of firearms cause about 500 deaths a year 3) Firearm injury is a public health concern