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Aging > Week 2 - Aging Population > Flashcards

Week 2 - Aging Population Flashcards

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1
Q

What is demography?

A

The study of the size, structure and distribution of human populations

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2
Q

What is a population pyramid?

A

A graph that shows the distribution of various age groups in a population

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3
Q

Why is Canada’s population pyramid no longer pyramid shaped?

A

Due to increasing life expectancy and declining fertility

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4
Q

What is life expectancy?

A

The average number of years a person is projected to life, assuming current trends

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5
Q

What is average age of death?

A

The mean age at which individuals in a population die, within a specific population at a specific time

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6
Q

Is life expectancy the same as average age at death?

A

No, life expectancy is a projection based on current trends, average age at death is the actual average at which people in a population have died

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7
Q

What factors contribute to increasing life expectancy?

A

Better medical treatment, public health improvements, health promotion, seat belts, smoking cessation

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8
Q

What is the epidemiological transition?

A

The shift from infectious to chronic diseases due to improved health systems and behaviours

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9
Q

What caused the epidemiological transition?

A

Expansion of public health and sanitation and changes in health behaviours

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10
Q

When does epidemiological transition happen?

A

During economic development when majority of the population gains reliable access to the basic needs of life

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11
Q

Demographic results of the epidemiological transition

A

People live longer (chronic disease kills slowly)

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12
Q

What is the most important factor in population aging?

A

Declining fertility rates

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13
Q

What were the baby boom years?

A

From 1946-1964, marked by a rise in fertility rates

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14
Q

What followed the baby boom?

A

The baby bust, a continuous drop in fertility rates after 1965

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15
Q

What is the replacement fertility rate?

A

2.1 children per woman

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16
Q

What is fertility rate?

A

The average number of children a woman is expected to have in her lifetime

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17
Q

What is birth rate?

A

The number of live births per 1000 people in a population over a specific time period

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18
Q

What is the difference between fertility rate and birth rate?

A

Fertility rate is an individual measure, birth rate is a population measure

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19
Q

What are the causes of declining fertility rates?

A
  • Lots of children aren’t an economic advantage anymore
  • Women’s rights movement
  • Family planning techniques (birth control)
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20
Q

What is the first stage of demographic transition?

A

Stage I: High fertility, high mortality

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21
Q

What is the second stage of demographic transition?

A

Stage II: High fertility, mortality declines

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22
Q

What is the third stage of demographic transition?

A

Stage III: Fertility and mortality decline

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23
Q

What is the fourth stage of demographic transition?

A

Stage IV: Low fertility, low mortality

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24
Q

What is the population like during stage I of demographic transition?

A

Lots of young people, few older people

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25
What is the population like during stage II of demographic transition?
Population explosion, society gets younger, small proportion of old people
26
What is the population like during stage III of demographic transition?
Older population begins to grow
27
What is the population like during stage IV of demographic transition?
Low population growth and large proportion of older people
28
What is the third demographic force in Canada?
Immigration
29
What is the dependency ratio?
Ratio of dependents (people aged 0-19 and 65+) to the working age population (20-64)
30
What is the old age dependency ratio?
People age 65+ divided by those aged 20–64
31
What is the youth dependency ratio?
People age 0–19 divided by those aged 20–64
32
How does having a large youth population change the dependency ratio?
Larger youth population leads to lower overall dependency ratio
33
How did the dependency ratio change from 1970 to 1995?
It decreased due to a reduced youth population
34
How is the dependency ratio changing now?
It is increasing
35
Why is the dependency ratio increasing now?
Aging population and fewer young people
36
What is demographic determinism?
Belief that population aging will inevitably lead to economic collapse
37
What is apocalyptic demography?
View that an aging population is a burden on society, leading to financial instability and unsustainable healthcare and social costs
38
How can aging be seen as an opportunity?
Through health improvements and policy changes like raising retirement age
39
How can improvements in health be useful?
A healthy aging population will have less medical needs and be able to contribute longer
40
What kind of policy changes could help the aging population?
Increasing age of retirement, different pension plans,
41
What are the benefits of an older population?
Lower crime, healthier lifestyles, economic spending, cultural preservation
42
What unpaid contributions to older adults provide?
Helping family, childcare, volunteering
43
What does 'demography is not destiny' mean?
Population trends can be shaped through policy and research
44
What is the Canadian Community Health Survey?
A study on healthy aging and its determinants
45
What is the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Health and Aging?
A 20 year study of 50,000 Canadians aged 45 to 85
46
How often is the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Health and Aging data collected?
Every 3 years with annual questionnaires
47
What is CIHR?
Canadian Institutes of Health Research, funding health research
48
What kind of policies support health aging?
Health promotion, economic planning, age-friendly infrastructure
49
How does economic development influence aging?
Improved access to resources reduced early mortality
50
What is the impact of the aging population on social structure?
Increased demand on younger individuals' economic contributions
51
Why is research infrastructure important?
It helps develop policies and understand aging trends
52
What does high dependency ratio suggest?
More dependents relative to working population, possibly stressing resources
53
What is population aging?
An increase in the number and proportion of older individuals in a population
54
What is prospective aging?
A measure focusing on years left to life instead of years already lived
55
Why is prospective aging useful?
It accounts for differences in life expectancy across counties and over time
56
When did seniors outnumber children in Canada?
2016
57
What is the 4-2-1 problem in China?
One child supports two parents and four grandparents
58
Why did China experience rapid aging?
Due to the one child policy and increased life expectancy
59
How does population aging affect social programs?
Increases strain on pensions, healthcare and social supports
60
What was the average life expectancy in Canada (2017-2018)?
Men: 79.9 years Women: 84.1 years
61
What caused infant mortality to decline in Canada?
Better healthcare, nutrition and control of childhood diseases
62
How does immigration affect population aging?
It offsets aging only slightly, since most immigrants are young
63
How does aging differ across developed and developing countries?
Developed countries have more resources, developing countries face rapid aging with fewer supports
64
What challenges do the least developed countries face?
High fertility, poverty, rapid urbanization, limited elder support
65
How does modernization affect elder care?
Reduces intergenerational support as youth move to the cities
66
How has aging affected developed countries like Japan?
Increased costs and need to reform retirement and care systems
67
How is aging in Europe being managed?
Raising retirement ages and encouraging seniors to stay in the workforce
68
What is the Grandmothers to Grandmothers campaign?
Supports African grandmothers caring for children orphaned by AIDS
69
How are aging and urbanization connected?
Urbanization reduced traditional family support for elders
70
How does gender affect aging experiences?
Women often face more poverty and health challenges in old age
71
Why is population aging seen as a global 'megatrend'?
It affects every country and impacts global economics and healthcare
72
What is a key cultural expectation for elder care in China?
Children are legally and socially expected to care for aging parents
73
How did COVID-19 affect older adults in Canada?
Older adults, especially in care homes, had the highest mortality rates
74
What caused Canada's birth rate to drop post-1965?
Introduction of birth control and women entering the workforce
75
Why is the the concept of 65 as old age being reconsidered?
Due to longer life expectancy and better health in older adults
76
What is filial piety?
A cultural expectation for children to care for their aging parents
77

Aging (11 decks)

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