Week 9 - Healthcare

Question 1

What the the 3 models of healthcare?

Answer 1

Medical model, social model and health promotion model

Question 2

What does the medical model of healthcare emphasize?

Answer 2

It emphasizes treatment of diseases and injuries using surgery, drugs and rehab

Question 3

Where is the medical model typically applied?

Answer 3

Hospitals, physician offices and formal healthcare institutions

Question 4

What does the social model of healthcare focus on?

Answer 4

A full system including home care, counseling and adult daycare

Question 5

What is the aim of the social model?

Answer 5

Keeping older adults in their homes with community and social support

Question 6

What does the health promotion model focus on?

Answer 6

Preventing disease through behaviour change and environmental improvements

Question 7

What are examples of health promotion strategies?

Answer 7

Workplace safety, seat belt laws, smoking warnings

Question 8

What levels exist in the Canadian healthcare system?

Answer 8

Self-care, primary care, secondary care and tertiary care

Question 9

What characterizes primary care?

Answer 9

First point of contact with interprofessional teams and preventative care

Question 10

What is secondary care?

Answer 10

Specialized coordinated care for specific conditions, moderate cost

Question 11

What is tertiary care?

Answer 11

Advanced diagnostics and interventions, highest cost per person

Question 12

What is the main challenge with the Canadian healthcare system for older adults?

Answer 12

Long wait times and discontinuity in long-term care transitions

Question 13

What are the 5 principles of the Canada Health Act?

Answer 13

1. Public (non-profit) Administration
2. Comprehensiveness
3. Universality
4. Portability
5. Accessibility

Question 14

What care model dominates the Canaian healthcare system?

Answer 14

Heavily medicalized, despite presence of all three models

Question 15

What proportion of health spending goes to older adults?

Answer 15

Older adults account for 44% of provincial/territorial government health spending

Question 16

Do older adults cause rising healthcare costs?

Answer 16

No, aging contributes to <1% of healthcare cost grown

Question 17

What is a major cause of healthcare cost increases?

Answer 17

Now technologies, medications and diagnostics

Question 18

What is continuity of care?

Answer 18

Ongoing, coordinated care across services and time

Question 19

What system gaps exist for older adults in Canada?

Answer 19

limited long-term care coverage and inadequate continuity

Question 20

What social factors affect healthcare access?

Answer 20

Geography, socioeconomic status and cultural differences

Question 21

What did the Wheeler et al. (2012) study find?

Answer 21

Distance to radiation facilities delayed treatment for older breast cancer patients

Question 22

How can healthcare access inequities be addressed?

Answer 22

By improving infrastructure, reducing travel needs and ensuring cultural inclusion

Question 23

Why is home care important for older adults?

Answer 23

It provides safety, social engagement and cost-effective care

Question 24

What challenges are tied to nursing home care?

Answer 24

High-cost, unequal coverage and limited inclusion under Canada Health Act

Question 25

What did COVID-19 highlight in elder care?

Answer 25

High excess mortality and unaddressed vulnerability in long-term care

Question 26

What factors led to excess mortality in 2020-2021?

Answer 26

Delayed care, isolation, system strain and indirect COVID-19 impacts

Question 27

Why is aging in place emphasized?

Answer 27

To maintain independence and reduce institutional care demand

Question 28

What should holistic healthcare for aging include?

Answer 28

Medical, social and health promotion models with regular evaluation

Question 29

What is long-term care (LTC)?

Answer 29

Care and support for older adults with chronic illness or disabilities, including ADLs and IADLs.

Question 30

What does long-term care aim to do?

Answer 30

Maximize autonomy and reduce instituionalization

Question 31

How is long-term care funded in Canada?

Answer 31

Public funding covers about 75% and the rest is private

Question 32

Why is long-term care a financial burden?

Answer 32

Nursing home care makes up 80% of private LTC spending

Question 33

What is the Canada Health Act?

Answer 33

Legislation establishing principles of Medicare such as public administration, comprehensiveness, universality, portability, accessibility

Question 34

What year was the Canada Healh Act passed?

Answer 34

1984

Question 35

Who is considered the father of Medicare?

Answer 35

Tommy Douglas

Question 36

What is an Alternate Level of Care (ALC) patient?

Answer 36

A hospital patient who no longer needs a cute care but awaits transfer

Question 37

Why do Alternate Level of Care (ALC) patients pose issues?

Answer 37

They occupy hospital beds needed for acute care?

Question 38

What are major drivers of healthcare costs in Canada?

Answer 38

Hospitals, physicians and drug costs

Question 39

What role does community care play in healthcare?

Answer 39

Reduces hospital admissions and institutional care costs

Question 40

How can home care impact healthcare spending?

Answer 40

It's more cost-effective and supports aging in place

Question 41

What issues affect Indigenous seniors' access to care?

Answer 41

Geographic isolation, lack of culturally appropriate services, poor housing for healthcare workers

Question 42

What traditional elements are important in Indigenous care?

Answer 42

Use of traditional medicine, holistic approaches, and family-based decision-making

Question 43

What was the impact of COVID-19 on nursing homes?

Answer 43

Exposed weaknesses in care, leading to high death rates and urgent calls for reform

Question 44

What is person-centered care?

Answer 44

Care that respects resident preferences, autonomy and dignity

Question 45

What is the Eden Alternative?

Answer 45

A philosophy to de-institutionalize long-term care and create human-centered environments

Question 46

How are nursing home residents assessed in Manitoba?

Answer 46

Based on ADLs, professional help needs and behaviour

Question 47

What predicts nursing home placement

Answer 47

Cognitive decline, poor health, falls, emergency visits, and lack of informal support

Question 48

What is one major difference between U.S. and Canadian healthcare?

Answer 48

Canada has universal, single-payer healthcare; the U.S. uses a multi-payer system

Question 49

What percentage of GDP did Canada spend on healthcare in 2019?

Answer 49

About 10.7%

Question 50

Do most older adults live in institutions?

Answer 50

No, fewer than 7% do, most live independently

Question 51

What design feature help residents with dementia?

Answer 51

Circular hallways, color coded walls, secluded walls

Question 52

What is integrated care?

Answer 52

Coordinated services across multiple providers to meed the comprehensive needs of older adults

Question 53

What is the GPAT model in Winnipeg?

Answer 53

Geriatric Program Assessment Teams that assess older adults at home and coordinate care

Question 54

What outcomes did GPAT achieve?

Answer 54

Reduced emergency department use and delayed institutionalization

Question 55

What is the 'care gap'?

Answer 55

The gap between ideal and actual healthcare delivery

Question 56

What is a key barrier for older ethnic minorities?

Answer 56

Accessibility—beyond cost or availability, includes language, trust, and cultural fit

Question 57

Why are rural and remote seniors at greater risk?

Answer 57

They face fewer service providers, longer travel distances, and less coordination

Question 58

What is meant by continuum of care?

Answer 58

A range of services ensuring seamless transition across different levels and types of care

Question 59

What is a person centered care in practice?

Answer 59

Involving the individual in decisions and respecting their values and preferences