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Sem 2 Anatomy > Week 3 - Anatomy of the hand > Flashcards

Week 3 - Anatomy of the hand Flashcards

1
Q

Which bones are involved in radiocarpal joint?

A

Distal surface of radius with scaphoid + lunate

Lunate only has partial contact when in neutral position

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2
Q

What is involved in the Ulnocarpal joint?

A

The WFC disc of the ulna comes into contact with the lunate and the triquetral

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3
Q

Which joints of the wrist have independent movement?

A

CM-1 - the joint of the thumb

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4
Q

Where is the radial flexor muscle of the forearm attached?

A

Base of metacarpal 2

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5
Q

Where are the two radial extensors of the forearm attached?

A

M2 and M3

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6
Q

Where are the ulnar muscles of the forearm attached?

A

M5

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7
Q

Why is the radiocarpal joint an independent joint of the other wrist joints?

A

It has a distinct capsule, separate from the others

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8
Q

Describe the two collateral ligaments of the wrist

A

Radial CL - radial styloid to scaphoid

Ulnar CL - ulnar styloid to triquetral

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9
Q

What are the two main ligaments between carpal bones you NEED to know?

A

Pisohamate

Pisometacarpal (pisiform to 5th metacarpal)

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10
Q

How are carpal ligaments named?

A

Dorsal or palmar, then by the bones they connect

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11
Q

What can flexors on the lateral side of the wrist do?

A

Abduct and flex, as they’re not attached absolutely centre

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12
Q

What can extensors on the lateral side of the wrist do?

A

Abduct and extend, as they’re not attached absolutely centre

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13
Q

What can the flexors and extensors of the medial side of the wrist do?

A

Adduct

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14
Q

What movement would you see if the lateral flexor and extensor contracted at the same time?

A

Abduction

Extension and flexion would cancel each other out

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15
Q

What is circumduction and why is it possible in the wrist?

A

The wrist is an ellipsoid type of synovial joint.
Circumduction is a circular movement, possible because of the shape of the joint
Performed in sequential movements

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16
Q

What is abduction limited by?

A

The radial styloid - it’s more distal

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17
Q

What limits adduction?

A

The radial collateral ligament

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18
Q

At which joint is abduction and adduction largely at?

A

The radiocarpal joint

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19
Q

What are the four landmarks of the carpal bones?

A

The hooks of the hamate and pisiform

The tubercles on the scaphoid and trapezium (like a ridge)

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20
Q

Where are the heads of the metacarpals?

A

The distal ends, while the proximal ends are the bases

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21
Q

What type of joints are the metacarpophalangeal joints?

A

Condyloid joints

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22
Q

Describe the movements around the MCP joints

A

Extension/flexion
Abduction/adduction
Rotation - rotation is not active, there are no rotator muscles

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23
Q

Where is the axis of movement of the hand?

A

A line down the third metacarpal

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24
Q

Which muscles perform movements at the metacarpals?

A

Interossei and lumbricals

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25
Q

What is the single, specific nerve for the interossei and lumbrical muscles?

A

The ulnar nerve

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26
Q

Which are the deeper muscles of the hand?

A

Interossei

27
Q

How would an interossei tendon be attached to abduct a finger?

A

To the lateral side of the metacarpal

28
Q

Is the abductor of the little finger interosseous?

A

No - there is no neighbouring metacarpal for attachment

29
Q

Describe the dorsal interosseous muscles: What are their attachments? Where are they found? What do they do?

A

Each is attached to two neighbouring metacarpals. This makes them double headed and feather-like in appearance –> bi-pennate muscles
These are found in a relatively posterior plane
They abduct the index finger, the middle finger and the ring finger

30
Q

How are there four interossei muscles but only three of the phalanges are abducted by them?

A

There are two attached to the middle finger - one on either side

31
Q

What do the palmar interossei muscles do? How many are there?

A

These are the ADDUCTORS of the ring finger, index finger and the little finger

32
Q

Does the thumb have any interossei muscles?

A

No - has it’s own adductors and abductors

33
Q

Where does the FCR attach?

A

M2

34
Q

Where does the FCU attach?

A

M5, via the pisiform bone

35
Q

What is the flexor retinaculum? What is its purpose?

A

FR is a thick fibrous band, connected to the scaphoid and trapezium ridges, and the pisiform and hamate hooks
It keeps all of the wrist tendons in place, some of which merge with the band

36
Q

Describe the adductor of the thumb

A

Two parts:
One runs transversely from the third metacarpal, the other runs obliquely from the retinaculum
Covers the lateral interosseous muscles of the second and third metacarpals

37
Q

Where does the flexor digitorum profundus attach at the wrist/hand?

A

The distal phalanges–> covers all of the joints

38
Q

Where does the flexor pollicis longus attach?

A

The distal phalanx of the thumb

39
Q

Describe the lumbricals

A

These are long slender muscles, which arise from the lateral side of the flexor digitorum profundus tendons and insert onto the base of the four phalanges

40
Q

Describe the orientation of the flexor digitorum superficialis to the flexor digitorum profundus

A

FDP is deep to the FDS

41
Q

Describe how the FDS and FDP move around the phalanges

A

The FDS tendon is split into two parts right before the PIP, through which the FDP moves through to the distal phalanx
The FDS attaches to the middle phalannx

42
Q

Which muscle/s act on the distal phalanges?

A

Flexor digitorum profundus

43
Q

What makes up the carpal tunnel?

A

Carpal bones and the retinaculum

44
Q

Which tendons pass through the carpal tunnel?

A

All LONG tendons, except flexor carpi ulnaris

–> nine tendons and the median nerve

45
Q

Where does FCR pass through the wrist?

A

Though a separate compartment adjacent to the carpal tunnel

More accurate to say it passes in the flexor retinaculum

46
Q

Describe tendon sheaths

A

Synovial sheaths of tendons that are double-layered tubular synovial sacs
One side is in contact with the tendon, outer layer contacts the surrounding tissues

47
Q

Where is the common synovial sheath?

A

Extends beyond the flexor retinaculum, over the FDS tendons. Is continuous with the sheath of the little finger only

48
Q

Does the synovial sheath of the thumb continue past the FR?

A

Yes

49
Q

Describe the synovial sheaths in the phalanges

A

Index, ring and middle finger have sheaths that are discontinuous with the tendon sheaths in the FR

50
Q

Where are strong fibrous sheaths over tendons in the hand, and why do we have them?

A

They are over the phalanges synovial sheaths, discontinuous over the IP joints.
Present because experience friction in the hand

51
Q

What is the thenar eminence?

A

A group of three muscles at the base of the thumb - a short abductor, a short flexor and an opponens - moves metacarpal in apposition

52
Q

What is the hypothenar eminence?

A

A group of three muscles at the base of the little finger - a short abductor, a short flexor and an opponens - moves metacarpal in apposition

53
Q

What are the intrinsic muscles of the hand?

A

A OF A OF A
The thenar and hypothenar groups:

Abductor pollicis brevis
Opponens pollicis
Flexor pollicis brevis
(THENAR - 3)

Adductor pollicis

Opponens digiti minimi
Flexor digiti minimi brevis
Abductor digiti minimi
(HYPOTHENAR - 3)

54
Q

Which nerve supplies the thenar muscles?

A

The median nerve

55
Q

Which nerve supplies the hypothenar muscles?

A

Ulnar nerve

56
Q

What is the palmar aponeurosis? What does it do?

A

The PA is the palmar fascia and bridges the gap between the thenar and hypothenar muscles of the palm

57
Q

What structures are at the dorsal region of the phalanges?

A

Only long tendons, no muscles

58
Q

Where would you find an extensor expansion?

A

On the extensor side of the phalanges, spanning proximal and middle phalanges

59
Q

What is the purpose of extensor expansions?

A

These triangular fibrous sheets come from the tendons of the interossei and lumbrical muscles, forming a hood over the distal phalanx.
They are able to flex the PIP and extend the DIP

60
Q

How do extensor expansions help with fine movements?

A

They coordinate and balance actions of the long muscles

61
Q

How does the median nerve get into the hand?

A

Through the carpal tunnel

62
Q

Which muscles does the median nerve innervate?

A

The thenar muscles and the lumbricals

63
Q

Which muscles does the ulnar nerve innervate in the hand?

A

Hypothenar muscles and the cutaneous areas

A deep branch also goes to all of the other muscles

Sem 2 Anatomy (15 decks)

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