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Sem 2 Anatomy > Week 3 - Ankle and Foot > Flashcards

Week 3 - Ankle and Foot Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the talocrural joint

A

The upper surface of the talus articulates with the tibiofibular mortise - the distal Tibial and fibular syndesmosis, that acts like a clamp over the talus

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2
Q

Where are the articulating areas of the talus?

A

Anteriorly - when in dorsiflexion
On either side for the malleoli
On the upper surface for T+F
Anteriorly - with navicualr bone

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3
Q

Where are the collateral ligaments of the ankle?

A

One at fibular

One at tibial

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4
Q

Describe the tibial collateral ligament

A

This is the deltoid ligament, it’s thicker and stronger than the fibial collateral ligament
Attaches to medial malleolus, merges with spring ligament in the foot

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5
Q

Describe the talus bone

A

Round head with a block-like body, sits partly on top of calcaneus

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6
Q

Describe the shape of the navicular bone, and where it sits in the foot

A
  • Navicular bone is slightly boat shaped, and is located on the medial side of the foot
  • It articulates proximally with the talus, distally with the three cuneiform bones and laterally with the cuboid bone
  • It is part of the medial longitudinal arch and the transverse tarsal joint –> two structures that are essential for normal gait
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7
Q

Which bone does the cuboid articulate proximally with?

A

The calcaneus

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8
Q

Which bones fill the medial gap between the navicular bone and the cuboid bone?

A

The three cuneiform bones - medial, intermediate and lateral

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9
Q

What are the three joints that the talus is involved in?

A

Talocrural - talus + tibia + fibula
Talonavicular joint - talus + navicular bone
Talocalcaneal/subtalar joint - talus + calcaneal bone

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10
Q

Which part of the calcaneal supports the talus?

A

The Sustentaculum Tali - a shelf on the calcaneus

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11
Q

Describe the three areas of articulation in the talocalcaneal joint

A

These are the anterior, middle and posterior facets. The sustentaculum tali forms the floor of middle facet, and the anterior facet articulates with the head of the talus, and sits lateral and congruent to the middle facet.
The posterior facet is the largest of the three, and separated from the others by the tarsal canal.

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12
Q

What type of joint is the talonavicular joint?

A

A synovial

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13
Q

Describe the plantar calcaneonavicular ligament

A
  • This is the spring ligament
  • This very strong ligament is on the planar side of the foot and connects the calcaneus at the sustentaculum tali to the navicular bone
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14
Q

What does the spring ligament do with the talus?

A

-It’s so strong that is able to support the head of the talus, forming part of an articular cavity with the talus, and preventing the talus curved head from flattening out. does not allow the curved head of the talus to flatten out

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15
Q

What is the major role of the spring ligament?

A

To maintain the medial longitudinal arch of the foot, and by providing support to the head of the talus, bear the major portion of the body weight.

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16
Q

Describe the talocalcaneonavicular joint

A

This is a ball and socket joint made up of the rounded head of the talus being received by the concavity formed by the posterior region of the navicular bone, the anterior articular surface of the calcaneus and the upper surface of the plantar calcaneonavicular (spring) ligament

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17
Q

Which muscles allow inversion of the foot?

A

The medial muscles: includes tibialis anterior + tibialis posterior, as well as flexor digitorum and flexor hallucis longus

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18
Q

Which muscles evert the foot?

A

Lateral muscles: includes the fibular/peroneal muscles

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19
Q

Which are the medial bones of the foot?

A

Talus
Navicular
Cuneiform bones
Metatarsal 1

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20
Q

Which are the lateral bones of the foot?

A

Calcaneus
Cuboid
Metatarsal 5

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21
Q

Where does the reference line of the foot run through?

A

M2

22
Q

Which muscles are attached to the talus?

A

NONE

23
Q

Which are the two deep, lateral muscles of the foot? Where do they attach?

A

Fibularis longus - attaches to M1, crossing the sole of the foot
Fibularis brevis - attaches to M5, merging off F-longus

24
Q

Which are the two thick tendons of the medial side of the foot? Where do they attach?

A

Tibialis anterior, attaches to M1

Tibialis posterior - attaches mainly to the navicular bone, but has some slip to other bones

25
Q

Which are the two ligaments between the lateral and medial tendons of the foot?

A 
Plantar calcaneonavicular (spring) ligament is medial and close to tibialis posterior
Short plantar ligament is closer to the lateral side, and connects the calcaneus to the cuboid
26
Q

Do plantar interossei muscles of the foot abduct or adduct?

A

Adduct

27
Q

Do dorsal interossei muscles of the foot abduct or adduct?

A

Abduct

28
Q

Describe the dorsal interossei muscles of the foot

A

Bi-pennate muscles (two heads), feather in shape. Attached to two tarsal bones, so the little toe does not have one attached to the phalanx
Second toe has two as this toe is the centre of reference
–> there are four of these in total, as the big toe also has none

29
Q

Describe the plantar interossei muscles of the foot

A

More slender than the dorsal interossei muscles, with only one head.
These adduct the phalanges

30
Q

Which ligament covers the fibularis longus tendon?

A

The long plantar ligament

31
Q

Which toes have short flexors?

A

The little toe and the big toe

32
Q

What are the two short flexors of the toes?

A

Flexor hallucis brevis

Flexor digiti minimi

33
Q

Where does flexor hallucis brevis arise originate and attach?

A

This muscle originates from the undersurface of the cuboidal bone via a tendinous process
It splits into two attachments - one to the medial and one to the lateral base of the 1st phalanx (big toe)

34
Q

Describe the origin and attachment of flexor digiti minimi

A

Originates from M5, attaches to the base of the 5th phalanx

35
Q

Describe adductor hallucis

A

This is a two headed muscle responsible for adducting the big toe
The oblique head arises from the bases of the second, third, and fourth metatarsal bones, attaching to the lateral side of the base of the 1st phalanx
The transverse head arises from the bases of the 3rd, 4th and 5th phalanges, inserting at the same point as the oblique head

36
Q

Describe flexor digitorum longus, and its orientation in the foot

A

Origin is more medial than flexor hallucis longus
Crosses the foot laterally and reaches the distal phalanges
Made up of four tendons, attached to which are the four lumbricals of the foot (in metatarsal region)

37
Q

What action would flexor digitorum longus perform in the foot?

A

Tends to pull toe medially because it crosses the sole from medial to lateral

38
Q

What corrects the additional action of FDL?

A

An accessory muscle called flexor accessorius/quadratus plantae

39
Q

Describe abductor hallucis

A

Attached to calcaneum and the medial side of the base of the 1st proximal phalanx by a long thin tendon

40
Q

Describe abductor digiti minimi

A

Attached to calcaneum and the lateral base of the 5th proximal phalanx

41
Q

Why is flexor digitorum brevis comparable to flexor digitorum superficialis in the forearm?

A

It also has split tendons, splitting at the middle phalanx and attaching there, while Flexor Digitorum longus continues through the split to the distal phalanx.
This is the same situation as in the hand with FDS and FDP

42
Q

What are the two bony arches of the foot?

A

Longitudinal

Transverse

43
Q

What maintains the bony arches of the foot?

A

Long intrinsic muscles
Extrinsic tendons: TA+TP, FL + FB –> these form a ‘sling’ around the foot
Ligaments: PCN and 2x Plantar

44
Q

Which nerves innervate the sole of the foot?

A

The tibial nerve

45
Q

What are the muscles on the dorsum side of the foot?

A

Extensor hallucis brevis

Extensor digitorum brevis

46
Q

What and where is the key piece of fascia in the foot?

A

This is the plantar aponeurosis and is found from the tuberosity of the calcaneus to the heads of the metatarsal bones
It supports the plantar arch of the foot

47
Q

Where would you find the posterior tibial nerve before it split’s into three branches?

A

It crosses the ankle behind the medial malleolus

48
Q

What are the three branches of the posterior tibial nerve? What do they innervate?

A

Medial calcaneal nerve - sensory innervation of the heel
Medial plantar nerve - sensory perception of bottom of big toes, 2nd and 3rd toes + 1/2 of 4th toe. Also medial 2/3s of bottom of the foot.
Lateral plantar nerve - sensory perception to outside 1/3 of bottom of foot, and 1/2 4th toe +5th tpe

49
Q

Where would you find the deep peroneal/anterior tibial nerve at the snkle?

A

Passes down the front of the ankle before dividing into medial and lateral branches

50
Q

What does the medial branch of the anterior tibial nerve innervate?

A

1st toe web

51
Q

What does the lateral branch of the anterior tibial nerve innervate?

A

Extensor digitorum brevis, then nervous input to 2nd, 3rd and 4th interosseous muscles

Sem 2 Anatomy (15 decks)

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