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Sem 2 Anatomy > Week 5 - Spinal cord > Flashcards

Week 5 - Spinal cord Flashcards

1
Q

How many vertebrae are in the cervical region?

A

7

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2
Q

How many V in the thoracic region?

A

12

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3
Q

How many V in the abdomen/lumbar?

A

5

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4
Q

How many V are in the sacrum?

A

5 - fused

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5
Q

How many vertebrae in the coccyx?

A

4 - fused

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6
Q

What are typical vertebrae of a region?

A

Those with characteristic features.

Some are atypical

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7
Q

When is the spine kyphotic?

A

When a foetus - this is the primary curveature

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8
Q

When is there secondary curvature of the spine? What does it look like

A

After birth

Neck and lumbar regions become convex forwards

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9
Q

What are three types of spinal curvature abnormalities?

A

Lordosis - excessive forward convexity
Kyphosis - excessive forward concavity
Scoliosis - lateral curvature

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10
Q

Why does the spine change from primary to secondary in curvature?

A

Because of muscular activity

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11
Q

What forms the canal for the spinal cord in the vertebrae

A

The neural arch completing a circle with the weight bearing body

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12
Q

What are the processes of the vertebrae?

A
  • Spinous process

- Transverse R + L process

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13
Q

What is a facet?

A

Part of the process (a flat area) is covered by hyaline cartilage

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14
Q

What is an articular process on joint?

A

This bears the facet

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15
Q

What’s the most important thing a thoracic vertebrae does?

A

Forms jont with the rib

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16
Q

Where is the rib attachment?

A

There are two on the body of the vertebrae, one on the transverse prpcess

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17
Q

What is a characteristic of thoracic vertebrae?

A
  • They have three attachments

- Backwards pointing transverse process

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18
Q

Describe the canal of the thoracic vertebrae?

A

Small and almost circular, has the smaller diameter

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19
Q

Describe the spinous process of thoracic V

A

Long and pointed with a slope

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20
Q

Describe the cervical V

A

Broad and flat

  • Has a foramen (foramen transversarium)
  • Has two tubercles
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21
Q

What is unique about the cervical V?

A

Spine isn’t really pointed, it’s split into two = bifid spine

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22
Q

Describe the lips of the cervical V

A

These ridges are anterior and posterior, unmistakeable

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23
Q

Describe the canal of the cervocal V

A

Canal is large and triangular

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24
Q

Describe the articular facets of the cervical V

A

Large and move backwards

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25
Q

Describe the transverse processes of the lumbar V

A

Thin, bladelike and absolutely transverse

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26
Q

Describe the cervicalspinous process

A

Thick and when looked at from the side, roughy quadrangular

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27
Q

What is distinctly curved in the lumbar V?

A

The articular processes and the facets

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28
Q

Which vertebrae are some of the largest

A

Lumbar - has to bear more weight

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29
Q

Where are foramina in the sacrum?

A

At the front and the back - seperate ones for ventral and dorsal rami

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30
Q

Which are the atypical vertebrae?

A

C1, C2, C7, Upper and lower thoracic, L5

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31
Q

Describe C1

A

This is ‘Atlas’. Articular facets are long and hollowed out.
Completely missing part of the V body - looks like a large ring

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32
Q

Describe C2

A

This is ‘axis’

Sitting on top of the body is the part of the body missing from C1, sticks out like a tooth (dens)

33
Q

What passes through foramen transversarium?

A

An artery that goes straight up to the skull (vertebral artery)

34
Q

What does flexion and extension do on C1

A

Head slides over the articular facets of C1

35
Q

What moves when shake your head?

A

head of 1st vertebrae moves over second vertebrae

36
Q

Describe C7

A

Has a long, undivided spinous process (vertebrae prominens)

37
Q

Describe L5

A

Has much thicker transverse processes than the rest of the lumbar Vs. This is for the strong iliolumbar ligament

38
Q

What is the intervertebral disc made of?

A

White fibrocartilage

Thinner posteriorly

39
Q

Where are intervertebral symphysis?

A

Between bodies of vertebrae.

40
Q

Describe the WFC dis of the V

A

The fibrous ring (annulus fibrous) is made up of an outer part, which is more fibrous and merges with fibrous tissue surrounding it + the inner part, which has more chondrocytes

41
Q

Where would you find nucleus pulposus?

A

This is the inner jelly-like core of the intervertebral WFC disc. It’s the remains of the notocord

42
Q

Where does the degree of mobility of the vertebral column come from?

A

WFC - slightly deformable
Adjacent vertebrae - minimal movement
Adds up

43
Q

Describe facet/Z joints & their movements

A

Made up of articular facets, they’re plane synovial and have very little movement –> mostly for adjustments

44
Q

What are the ligaments that run along V bodies?

A
  • In front of the body is the anterior longitudinal ligament

- On posterior surface of the body is the posterior longitudinal ligament

45
Q

What are the ligaments between two neighbouring process spines?

A

Interspinous ligaments

46
Q

Where does supraspinous ligament sit?

A

Connects the tips of 3-4 spinous processes of the vertebrae

47
Q

What connects laminae of neighbouring vertebrae?

A

Thin ligaments with lots of elastic fibres –> yellow colour
= ligamentum/ligamenta flava

48
Q

Are the posterior vertebral muscles epaxial or hypaxial?

A

Epaxial, supplied by dorsal rami

49
Q

What are the superficial posterior group of muscles of the spinal column?

A

The erector spinae group

50
Q

What is the deeper group of the posterior side of the vertebral column?

A

Transversospinales group

51
Q

What are suboccipital muscles used for?

A

Movements of the head

Occipital bone, atlas and axis

52
Q

Which anterior long cylindrical muscle can flex the vertebral column?

A

Psoas major muscle

53
Q

What are the movements of the spine?

A

Flexion/extension
Lateral flexion: right or left
Rotation

54
Q

What is rotation of V column limited by?

A

Spinal fibres in the disc

55
Q

Which areas of the spine are best at rotating?

A

Thoracic column, then cervical

56
Q

What increases spinal range of motion?

A

Flexion assisted by tip joint, but tight hamstrings can limit
Rotation is assisted by pelvic and head

57
Q

What is the intervertebral foramen completed by?

A

Notch on lower of upper V, notch on upper side of lower V

58
Q

What contributes cartilage to the intervertebral foramen?

A

The intervertebral disk on the medial side, and the facet joint on the lateral side

59
Q

What makes up the intervertebral foramen?

A

Vertebral body
Intervertebral disc
Two notches
Facet joint

60
Q

What happens when the spinal nerve exits the IV foramen?

A

The dorsal ramus winds around articular process

61
Q

What forms each vertebrae developmentally?

A

Parts of neighbouring sclerotomes

62
Q

How do sclerotomes contribute to vertebrae?

A

Each sclerotome contributes to two vertebrae

63
Q

What forms IV disc?

A

A part of sclerotome, between the two bits that contribute to different Vs –> centre of every segment

64
Q

How are the discs and nerves aligned to each other during development?

A

In each segment, the nerve is central - aligned to the disk

This means that if the nerve is central to a segment, the disk is also central

65
Q

Where are the primary centres of ossification in vertebral?

A

There’s a single centrum that’s contributed to by two centres merging to one,and there are two in the neural arch

66
Q

Where are the secondary centres of ossification in the V?

A

At the annular epiphysis - around the margin of the body
AND
At tips of processes

67
Q

What makes up the body of the V?

A

The centrum + annular epiphysis + ‘root’ of neural arch

68
Q

Which vertebral are capable of growing a rib?

A

Every single one

69
Q

WHen element of transverse process is able to grow a rib

A

The costal element, NOT the transverse element

70
Q

What are the two elements of the transverse processes?

A

Cost element

Transverse element

71
Q

Where are developmental abnormalities normally found in the spine?

A

Post-thoracic aka L+S, 4+6 or 6+4

72
Q

What is hemivertebra?

A

Abnormal curvature

73
Q

What is spina bifida?

A

“split spine”. Vertebral defect can be seen by imaging, accompanied by spinal cord/meningeal anomalies

74
Q

What is the cervical rib defect?

A

When the costal element enlarges, usually in C7. This isn’t always bone (can be cartilage), and usually joins first rib, contributing to thoracic outlet syndrome

75
Q

What is paraspinal spasm?

A

When one side of the spinal column are hard

76
Q

What are some causes of back pain?

A

Bone - esp periosteum
Small tears or prolapse in the WFC disc
Ligaments in the facet joints

77
Q

What’s the link between the spine and cancer?

A

Vertebral column is a frequent site for malignant metastases in bone

78
Q

Why are vertebral bodies prone to fracture and OP?

A

It’s a thin, compact bone with a cancellous interior

79
Q

What is a prolapse?

A

Protrusion of nucleus pulposus

Sem 2 Anatomy (15 decks)

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