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Psych Assess. Ind Diff > Week 3: Cognitive-Behavioural Perspective > Flashcards

Week 3: Cognitive-Behavioural Perspective Flashcards

1
Q

List the characteristics of the behavioural approach

A
  • key role of learning and experience
  • behaviour is situation specific
  • minimal use of theoretical constructs
  • parsimonious explanations
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2
Q

Key role of learning and experience

A

Behaviour develops and changes primarily through learning and experience (accumulation of classical conditioning, operant conditioning, observational learning)

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3
Q

Behaviour is situation specific

A

Consistency of behaviour depends on the situation in which the behaviour is performed

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4
Q

Minimal use of theoretical constructs

A

Behavioural theories tend to use relatively few concepts and assumptions

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5
Q

Parsimonious explanations

A

Remembering and forgetting are explained by the same principle: the presence of appropriate stimuli

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6
Q

List the prominent behaviourists and their theories

A
  • Watson: radical behaviourism
  • Pavlov: classical conditioning
  • Skinner: operant conditioning
  • Bandura: social learning
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7
Q

Pavlov

A

Interested in the idea of innate personality variables. Viewed this as strong vs. weak cortical excitation and inhibition

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8
Q

Watson

A

Idea that individuals are more shaped by learning experiences than by inherited or innate temperament

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9
Q

Operant conditioning and personality

A

Quality of actions are reinforced

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10
Q

What are three of Bandura’s social learning theories?

A
  • observational learning
  • reciprocal determinism
  • self efficacy
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11
Q

Explicit self reinforcement

A

Treating yourself to something as a reward

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12
Q

Implicit self reinforcement

A

Personal feelings of approval or disapproval, often informed by a sociocultural framework

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13
Q

How does observational learning work?

A
  1. Observer exposed to the modelling cues
  2. Observer acquires modelling cues by paying attention and memorising them
  3. Observer uses modelling cues as a guide for action, which results in imitation or counter imitation
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14
Q

Counter imitation

A

Avoiding doing something that you have seen punished previously

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15
Q

What were the main takeaways from the bobo doll study?

A
  • Children who saw the doll attacked attacked the doll
  • more likely to attack if violence was rewarded
  • behaviour inhibited by punishment
  • behaviour did not generalise to hitting other children
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16
Q

Live models

A

Parents, siblings, teachers, friends

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17
Q

Symbolic models

A

Novels, comics, television, film, video games

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18
Q

What is triadic reciprocal determinism?

A

Three factors (behaviour, personal variables, and environment) can influence and be influenced by each other

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19
Q

Perceived self efficacy

A

The expectation that you are capable of learning or performing particular behaviours that will result in desirable outcomes

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20
Q

What are the four sources of self efficacy information?

A
  • Performance accomplishments
  • Vicarious experience
  • Verbal persuasion
  • Emotional arousal
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21
Q

Summarise Julian Rotter

A
  • contemporary of bandura
  • more explicitly cognitive focus
  • the way that cognitive processes mediate decision making and learning experiences
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22
Q 
What are four important constructs that Rotter came up with?
P
R
E
B
A
  • psychological situation
  • reinforcement value
  • expectancy
  • behaviour potential
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23
Q

Describe psychological situation

A

The existing situation from each individual’s perspective

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24
Q

Describe reinforcement value

A

A person’s preference for a particular outcome or reinforcer

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25
Q

Describe expectancy

A

Expectations about the chances that a particular behaviour will result in a given reinforcer

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26
Q

Describe behaviour potential

A

The likelihood that a person will engage in a behaviour - are there any obstructions or drivers?

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27
Q

What is locus of control?

A

A person’s view of the source of his or her outcomes

28
Q

What is an internal locus of control?

A

The belief that outcomes are the result of our own efforts and resources

29
Q

What is an external locus of control?

A

The belief that outcomes are due to outside forces over which we have no control

30
Q

List the correlates of locus of control

A
  • information seeking
  • achievement
  • dealing with others
  • physical health
  • psychological adjustment
31
Q 
List Mischel's criteria, or cognitive person variables
C
E
E
S
S
A
  • competencies
  • encoding strategies and personal constructs
  • expectancies
  • subjective values
  • self regulatory systems and plans
32
Q

What is meant by competencies

A

Skills developed throughout life

33
Q

What is meant by encoding strategies and personal constructs

A

Constructs such as schemas, attitudes, and worldview that shape experiences

34
Q

What is meant by expectancies

A

Assumptions regarding how one event will lead to another event, how others will act in response to events, and how behaviours lead to outcomes

35
Q

What is meant by subjective values

A

Values that shape outcomes that are sought

36
Q

What is meant by self regulatory systems and plans

A

Setting goals and creating and modifying plans to move towards these goals

37
Q

What does schema theory suggest?

A

People form mental schematics to organise knowledge and integrate meaning

38
Q

What is a self complexity?

A

When aspects of the self are distinct, and each has it’s own place in self image

39
Q

What is an entity schema?

A

A trait or ability is seen as an entity that they possess more or less of; is not changeable

40
Q

What is an incremental schema?

A

A trait or ability is seen as something that can be grown or modified incrementally through training, experience, and effort

41
Q

Briefly describe the cognitive behavioural approach

A

Situational thoughts and actions accumulate and through learning processes result in personality as personal continuity

42
Q

Describe a top down view of personality

A

Focused on genes, traits and temperament

43
Q

Describe a bottom up view of personality

A

Focussed on the nurture perspective, learning, experiences and growth

44
Q

Burrhus Skinner

A
  • operant conditioning
  • behaviour is primarily determined by consequences
  • only the external environment influences behaviour
45
Q

What are qualities?

A

General themes in behaviour

46
Q

List examples of qualities

A
  • effort
  • creativity
  • concentration
  • attentiveness
  • speed
47
Q

List two criticisms of the operant approach

A
  • overly simplistic view of personality and humans

- rigidly deterministic stance

48
Q

List three contributions of the operant approach

A
  • many practical benefits
  • applicable to forensic and org psych
  • useful and effective intervention procedures in childhood psych and adult behavioural problems
49
Q

Performance accomplishments

A

Wehn we perform competently at a task, our efficacy expectations are strengthened

50
Q

Vicarious experience

A

By observing others succeeding at a task, we develop expectations that we might be able to also succeed

51
Q

Verbal persuasion

A

Being told by others that we can succeed increases our efficacy expectations

52
Q

Emotional arousal

A

People rely on their state of physiological arousal to judge their level of anxiety and efficacy

53
Q

Treatment and self efficacy

A
  • therapeutic interventions that strengthen self efficacy are effective
  • effective treatment enhances clients expectations of efficacy
  • efficacy is necessary to generalise mastery to outside a therapeutic setting
54
Q

Social learning process

A

The likelihood that a person will engage in a behaviour is determined by reinforcement value and expectancy

55
Q

What are the functions of a schema

A
  • provides mental shortcut for setting expectations
  • easier encoding in memory
  • informs assumptions that fill in gaps
56
Q

What is a self schema

A

The mental schematic everyone has of themselves

57
Q

High self complexity

A

Associated with better functioning

58
Q

Low self complexity

A

Self schemas where there are indistinct boundaries between difference aspects of self, which can lead to distress spilling over into different aspects, e.g. from work to home life

59
Q

Proximity to self

A

We hold different qualities, roles, ambitions, loved ones etc close to who we are

60
Q

Dual process models

A

Idea that we have two processing pathways - one deliberate and one intuitive

61
Q

Rational, conscious….

A

Effortful, explicit, intelligence based

62
Q

Emotional, unconscious…

A

Automatic, implicit, emotion based

63
Q

How could internal locus of control be maladaptive?

A

Blaming themselves for everything even though there are always things we can’t control

64
Q

How could external locus of control be maladaptive?

A

Can be maladaptive due to a lack of responsibility

65
Q

What is the purpose of cognitive person variables

A

They are the 5 criteria that any adequate personality theory needs to address

Psych Assess. Ind Diff (11 decks)

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