WEEK 3 Pneumonia Flashcards
(23 cards)
What is the definition of pneumonia?
An inflammatory condition of the lung leading to abnormal alveolar filling with consolidation and exudation.
What are the demographics most affected by pneumonia?
The youngest and oldest populations.
What percentage of all deaths in the UK are attributed to pneumonia?
5.1%.
What triggers acute inflammation during pulmonary infection?
Infection, chemical or aspiration irritant.
What cells migrate into airspaces during pneumonia?
Neutrophils.
Name the four stages of pneumonia.
- Congestion
- Red Hepatization
- Gray Hepatization
- Resolution
What characterizes the congestion stage of pneumonia?
Vascular engorgement, intra-alveolar fluid, and numerous bacteria.
What happens during the red hepatization stage?
Massive exudation develops, filling the alveolar spaces with red blood cells, leukocytes, and fibrin.
What characterizes the gray hepatization stage?
Progressive disintegration of red blood cells and persistence of a fibrin exudate.
What occurs during the resolution stage of pneumonia?
Consolidated exudate undergoes progressive digestion to produce debris that is later reabsorbed or coughed up.
List some common causes of pneumonia.
- Bacteria (e.g., Streptococcus pneumonia)
- Fungi
- Virus (e.g., respiratory syncytial)
- Parasites
- Chemical
- Aspiration
- Inhalation (smoke, burns)
What are the classifications of pneumonia based on setting?
- Community Acquired Pneumonia (CAP)
- Health Care Associated Pneumonia (HCAP)
- Hospital Acquired Pneumonia (HAP)
- Ventilator Associated Pneumonia (VAP)
What are the anatomical classifications of pneumonia?
- Lobar Pneumonia
- Bronchopneumonia
What is the most common organism causing Community Acquired Pneumonia?
Streptococcus pneumonia/Staphylococcus aureus (25%).
What are some common symptoms of pneumonia?
- Fever
- Malaise
- Muscle ache/fatigue
- Coughing (productive and non-productive)
- Dyspnoea
- Pleuritic or chest pain
What are less common symptoms of pneumonia?
- Coughing up of blood
- Fatigue
- Nausea/Vomiting
- Diarrhoea
- Wheezing
- Confusion
What are some complications of pneumonia?
- Lung abscess
- Pleural effusions
- Empyema
- Septic Shock
What is a key medical diagnosis indicator for pneumonia?
Temperature > 37.8°C (>100°F) and HR > 100 bpm.
What is the clinical prediction rule for pneumonia diagnosis?
5 findings = 84 – 91% probability; 0 findings = 2 – 3%.
What are some diagnostic tests for pneumonia?
- CXR
- CT Scan
- Blood test
- Sputum culture
- Pleural fluid culture
- Bronchoscopy
What are general management strategies for pneumonia?
- Antibiotics/Anti-Fungal medication
- Oxygen support
- Hydration – IV fluids
- Rest
- Analgesics
- Cough suppressant medication
- Fever-reducing medication
- Prevention through vaccination programmes
What considerations should be taken for physiotherapy treatment in pneumonia?
Care needed as it may increase oxygen consumption & demand or cause bronchospasm.
What are some sputum clearance techniques for productive cough?
- Positioning
- Breathing exercises
- Adjuncts
