week 4

Question 1

what is asthma and what is the treatment of it ?

Answer 1

variable obstructive airway disorder can be treated with brochodilators ( and anti flammatories)

Question 2

which two tests are used to determine if a patient has asmtha?

Answer 2

FEV1/FVC SPIROMETRY( has more consistant messurement for age and hight_) OR PEAK EXPIRATROY FLOW( cheap but varies a lot with age)

Question 3

what are factors grading asthma serversity?

Answer 3

-severity of lifestyle impairment
-number of onset of acute bronchospasm
-level of medical intervention required

Question 4

what would a mild to moderate asthma attack look like?

Answer 4

severe dyspnoea(sob) especially on exhalation
tachypnoea(abnormal rapid breathing) , maybe tachycardia(fast heart rate)
coughing and wheezing during bronchospasm
blodd gases normal

Question 5

what would a severe asthma attack look like?

Answer 5

-greater use of accessory muscles
-unable to complete sentences on a breath
decrease haemoglobin satuation

Question 6

what would life threating asthma attack look like?

Answer 6

drowsy, reduced consciousness
saturations <90%
may have cyanosis

Question 7

there is two types of asthma what are they?

Answer 7

intrinsic(cause not obvious, not very treatable with inflammatory therapy
) and extrinsic(external factors, allergic ,drug induced ect)

Question 8

there are three components to the inflammatory response what are they?

Answer 8

chemical
vascular
and cellular response

Question 9

what is the primary chemicals that are released in a inflammatory response?

Answer 9

histamine and postaglandins

Question 10

which inflammatory cells are recruited in a inflammatory response?

Answer 10

Initially, neutrophils , which attack bacteria later macrophages, which attack bacteria and digested dead tissue.

Question 11

what do prostaglandins , histamine ,leukotrienes do and what are the differences

Answer 11

Question 12

what dose vasodilation from prostagladin, histamine and serotonin cause?

Answer 12

Redness
increase local BP
heat
more inflammatory cell transit.

Question 13

what dose antihistamines do ?

Answer 13

reduce vasodilation
(Inhibits increase vascular permeability.)

Question 14

what does NSAID do on the effects of inflammation and immunity?

Answer 14

inhibit prostaglandin production
( Inhibit Vascodilation)

Question 15

what does corticosteroids do on the effects of inflammation and immunity?

Answer 15

inhibit prostaglandin and leukotriene production
( Inhibit vascular response and cellular response.)

Question 16

Answer 16

Question 17

what dose B2 receptors do to smooth muscle

Answer 17

it relaxes it

Question 18

what is the name of 3 short acting beta agonists for beta 2 recptors?

Answer 18

salbutamol(albuterol)
fenoterol
tertbutamine

Question 19

what are long acting beta agonist for beta 2 receptors ?

Answer 19

1.salmeterol slow onset (30min)
2. formeterol fast onset(2min ) disavances is that low selectivlity and can cause cardiac problems

Question 20

treament regimen for severe bronchospasm from start to last option?

Answer 20

Question 21

treament regimen for severe bronchospasm from start to last option?

Answer 21

Question 22

anti-muscarinics work by ?

Answer 22

reducing effects on the Parasympathetic nervous system, causing bronchodilation and inhibit mucus production. used in Asthma, used if SABA doesn’t work.

Question 23

why is corticosteroids the recommended medication for inflammation and immunity in asthma when compared to NSAID’S and antihistamines?

Answer 23

are long acting and inhibit prostaglandins and leuktriene production where NSAID are short acting and may induce bronchospasm and antihistamines have little effects on leukocytes and long term inflammation

Question 24

Why wouldnt we want to give children corticosteroids as an anti flammatory for asthma?

Answer 24

as it can inhibit growth

Question 25

what type of corticosteroids is it ? inhaled, oral or systemic hydrocortisone

Answer 25

systemic

Question 26

what type of corticosteroids is it ? inhaled, oral or systemic beclomethasone

Answer 26

inhaled- short half life

Question 27

what type of corticosteroids is it ? inhaled, oral or systemic prednisone

Answer 27

oral

Question 28

what type of corticosteroids is it ? inhaled, oral or systemic fluticasone

Answer 28

inhaled- long half life

Question 29

what type of corticosteroids is it ? inhaled, oral or systemic budesonide

Answer 29

inhaled-short half life

Question 30

what type of corticosteroids is it ? inhaled, oral or systemic ciclesonide

Answer 30

inhaled -short half life

Question 31

what type of corticosteroids is it ? inhaled, oral or systemic prednisolone

Answer 31

oral

Question 32

what type of corticosteroids is it ? inhaled, oral or systemic dexamethasone

Answer 32

systemic

Question 33

in adults the most common treatment of asthma is ?

Answer 33

treatment of low dose of ICS(Inhaled corticosteroid) and long accting BA(LABA)(symbicort)

Question 34

in children what is the most common treatment for asthma?

Answer 34

SABA (short acting beta agonist) and followed by monteluast or paed dose of ICS(Inhaled corticosteroid )

Question 35

what blood parameters can you messure which show that respiratory function is severely compromised?

Answer 35

oxygen saturation (pulse oximetry) 02 and CO2 in arterial blood

Question 36

how long do u have to have symptoms of bronchitis to be diagnosed with the diseases ?

Answer 36

at least 3months of the year for 2 years

Question 37

what dose a shunt mean in terms of blood and gas exchange?

Answer 37

A pulmonary shunt often occurs when the alveoli fill with fluid, causing parts of the lung to be unventilated although they are still perfused like blood never went to the lung

Question 38

what dose Ventilation (V) and perfusion miss matched mean

Answer 38

that means even through oxygen isnt been exchanged the blood still perfuses and gose to the heart and is pumped out

Question 39

what is chronic bronchits essentially

Answer 39

is a excessive mucus production

Question 40

common symptoms of chronic bronchitis

Answer 40

cyanosis,oedema(body and lungs), cough and excess sputum

Question 41

what medications should be used for chronic bronchitis for airways?

Answer 41

1.antimuscarinics(reduce bronchoconstriction from irritants, reduce muscus secretion)- most common 2. nebulising bronchodilators may assit 3. corticosteroids (if inflammation is present, not during an infection)

Question 42

treatment for clearing mucus in chronic bronchitis

Answer 42

1. adequate fluid intake 2. physiotherapy- massage to clear mucus 3. postural changes 4. mucolytic

Question 43

What are the 4 causes of airway obstruction?

Answer 43

1.Material in the lumen 2. changing properties of the airway(oedema and inflammation) 3. contraction of smooth muscles in airways 4. external pressure in airways.

Question 44

what are main treaments to treating emphysema?

Answer 44

1. cessation of smoking 2. inhaled bronchodilators(SABA) 3. anti-tussives 4. expectorants

Question 45

Answer 45

Question 46

what is emphysema caused by?

Answer 46

damage to alveoli and bronchioles by the macrophages/ neutrophils

Question 47

a person who has FEV1 40% -COPD is that mild, moderate or severe?

Answer 47

severe

Question 48

a person who has FEV1 40-59% COPD is that mild, moderate or severe?

Answer 48

moderate

Question 49

a person who has FEV1 60-80% COPD is that mild moderate or severe?

Answer 49

mild

Question 50

what is the treatment for COPD

Answer 50

Question 51

Pneumothorax

Answer 51

air in the pleural cavity

Question 52

whats the difference between secondary and primary pneumothorax?

Answer 52

secondary is cause by disease, like emphysema, COPD , severe asthma, tuberculosis its often makes the condition serious becuase they already have resp compromise primary dont have an underlining respiratory condition

Question 53

Tension pneumothorax

Answer 53

a hole which allows air in on inhalation but not out on expiration

Question 54

pneumothorax can be describes 3 ways what are they?

Answer 54

Question 55

what dose COPD-X stand for reguarding the managment of COPD

Answer 55

CONIFRM diagnosis Optimise function Prevent deterioration Develope a self management plan Manage eX acerbation

Question 56

whats the difference between flail chest and pneumothorax?

Answer 56

flail chest is a segment of broken ribs while pneumothorax is a collapes lung

Question 57

Fine, discontinuous, crackling sounds heard during inspiration, often likened to the sound of rubbing hair between fingers. These crackles result from the movement of fluid or secretions in the smaller airways and alveoli.

Answer 57

Crackles (Rales)

Question 58

High-pitched, musical sounds heard during expiration, resulting from narrowed airways due to inflammation or fluid accumulation. Wheezes may indicate bronchoconstriction or bronchospasm accompanying pulmonary oedem

Answer 58

Wheezes

Question 59

Coarse, low-pitched rattling sounds heard during both inspiration and expiration, typically caused by the movement of mucous or fluid in larger airways. Rhonchi may suggest the presence of secretions or mucous plugging in the airways

Answer 59

Rhonch

Question 60

: Difficulty breathing while lying flat, leading to a preference for sitting or standing positions. Orthopnoea is a common symptom of pulmonary oedema due to the redistribution of fluid in the lungs when lying down

Answer 60

Orthopnoea